تاريخچه :
پس ازكشف مخزن عظيم ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي درخليج فارس وسياست شركت ملي نفت ايران در جهت صيانت ازميادين مشترك ، تأمين گازموردنيازكشوربراي مصارف صنعتي وخانگي ونيزصدورگاز ، بهره برداري ازميدان گازي پارس جنوبي دردستوركارشركت ملي نفت ايران قرارگرفت به منظوردستيابي به اهداف فوق و همچنين انجام طراحي ، مهندسي و نظارت بر اجراي طرحها و پروژه هاي توسعه اي نفت وگازشركت ملي نفت ايران ، شركت مهندسي وتوسعه نفت درتاريخ 26/4/73 تشكيل گرديد .
باانتخاب بندرعسلويه كه در270 كيلومتري جنوب شرقي بندبوشهرقراردارد ، به عنوان منطقه ساحلي براي ايجادپالايشگاههاي موردنيازطرح هاي ده گانه توسعه ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي ، طرح توسعه مرحله اول اين ميدان آغازگرديد . شركت مهندسي وتوسعه نفت نسبت به اجراي عمليات پروژه هاي طرح فوق شامل تحصيل وتسطيح اراضي منطقه ساخت تأسيسات اداري ورفاهي ، انعقادقرارداداحداث مسيرخط لوله “56 جهت انتقال گازتوليدي ، ساخت پالايشگاه مرحله اول ، توسعه فرودگاه عسلويه ، ساخت مخازن ميعانات گازي ، ايجاداسكله صادرات گوكردوطراحي وساخت تأسيسات دريائي اقدام نموده است . پس ازانجام تغييرات ساختاري دروزارت نفت . شركت نفت وگازپارس به عنوان يكي ازشركت هاي فرعي شركت ملي نفت ايران درتاريخ 1/10/77 تأسيس وكليه فعاليت هاي شركت مهندس وتوسعه نفت وميدان گازپارس شمالي به همراه نفرات وامكانات موجودبه اين شركت منتقل گرديد .
سازمان :
شركت نفت وگازپارس بامجموع 246 سمت سازماني متشكل ازمديريتهاي اداري ومالي ، مهندسي نفت وگاز ،مهندسي و ساختمان ، برنامه ريزي وكنترل طرح هاوهمچنين مديران طرح فازيك ، طرح فازهاي دو و سه طرح فازهاي چهاروپنج ، طرح فازهاي شش ، هفت وهشت ، طرح تأسيسات جانبي وزيربنائي طرح خطوط لوله ، طرح توسعه لايه نفتي پارس ، طرح توسعه منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس و طرح پارس شمالي و ادارات ستادي جهت پيشبرد اهداف مشخص شده و نظارت عاليه بر پروژه هاي نفت وگاز مي باشد .
فعاليتها :
شركت نفت وگازپارس مسئوليت نظارت عاليه براجراي قراردادهاي منعقده بيع متقابل طرح هاي ده گانه توسعه ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي و پروژه هاي جانبي مربوط ، توسعه ميدان گازي پارس شمالي ، طرح بهره برداري ازلايه هاي نفتي ميدان پارس جنوبي و مديريت منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس رابه شرح زيربرعهده دارد :
طرح توسعه ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي
وضعيت ميدان :
ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي كه از اكتشافات شركت ملي نفت ايران و بزرگترين منبع گازي جهان مي باشد ، بر روي خط مرزي مشترك ايران و قطر در خليج فارس و در فاصله 100 كيلومتري ساحل جنوبي ايران قرار دارد . وسعت اين ميدان گازي دربخش مربوط به كشورجمهوري اسلامي ايران برابر 3700 كيلومترمربع وظرفيت آن 350 تريليون فوت مكعب برآورد گرديده كه معادل 6 درصدكل ذخاير جهان و 50 درصد ذخايرگازي شناخته شده كشور است . توسعه اين ميدان كه از مهمترين طرح هاي برنامه دوم توسعه اقتصادي ، اجتماعي و فرهنگي كشور مي باشد ، با هدف تأمين تقاضاي رو به رشد انرژي كشور ، در دستوركار شركت ملي نفت ايران قرارگرفته است .
طرح توسعه مرحله اول :
مرحله اول طرح توسعه ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي به منظور بهره برداري ازگازوميعانات گازي مخزن برنامه ريزي شده است . تأسيسات دريائي وساحلي موردنيازجهت توليد ، تصفيه وانتقال 1000 ميليون فوت مكعب گازدرروزتامحل اتصال به خط لوله سراسري سوم انتقال گازاحداث و بهره برداري خواهدشد . براساس طراحي انجام شده ، دراين مرحله علاوه برگازتوليدي ، استحصال روزانه 40 هزاربشكه ميعانات گازي تثبيت شده و 200 تن گوگردجامدنيز ميسر خواهد بود . تأسيسات اصلي طرح دردرياوساحل به شرح زيراست :
تأسيسات دريائي :
تأسيسات دريائي طرح درفاصله حدود 100 كيلومتري ساحل عسلويه درخليج فارس ودرنزديكي مرزآبي ايران باكشورقطردرحال احداث است . اين مجموعه شامل سكوهاي حفاري ،بهره برداري ، مسكوني ، مشغل ، خط لوله زيردريائي “18 به طول 5 كيلومتر وخط لوله زيردريائي “32 به طول 105 كيلومترجهت انتقال گازوميعانات گازي به صورت دوفازه به پالايشگاه ساحلي مي باشد
تأسيسات ساحلي :
تأسيسات ساحلي شامل واحدهاي دريافت وجداسازي گازوميعانات گازي ، تثبيت ميعانات گازي ،شيرين سازي ، نم زدائي ، مركاپتان زدائي ، تنظيم نقطه شبنم وتراكم گازجهت انتقال وبازيافت و انجمادگوگردمي باشد .
طرح توسعه مراحل دوم وسوم :
اجراي مراحل دوم وسوم طرح توسعه ميدان جهت استحصال 2000 ميليون فوت مكعب گاز و 80 هزار بشكه ميعانات گازي و 400 تن گوگرددرروزبه صورت بيع متقابل درتاريخ 25/7/77 به كنسرسيوم شركت هاي توتان ، گاز پروم و پتروناس واگذارگرديده است . براساس مفاد پيمان ، اجراي كامل طرح تا اواخرخرداد 1381 طول خواهدكشيدوشروع بهره برداري ازميدان درچهارمرحله انجام خواهدشد . نحوه انتقال گاز و ميعانات گازي به پالايشگاه به صورت سه فازه مي باشد .
تأسيسات دريائي شامل دوسكوي حفاري براي حفردوحلقه چاه توصيفي و 20 حلقه چاه توسعه اي ، دورشته خط لولة زيردريائي “32 و “5/4 هريك به طول 105 كيلومترمي باشد . يك پالايشگاه گازدرساحل به ظرفيت 2000 ميليون فوت مكعب كه شامل واحدهاي دريافت وجداسازي گازوميعانات گازي ، تثبيت ميعانات گازي ، شيرين سازي ، نم زدائي ، تنظيم نقطة شبنم و مركاپتان زدائي وتراكم گازجهت انتقال ، بازيافت و انجمادگوگردوواحدهاي احياي منواتيلن گلايكول جهت تزريق مي باشد .
محصول گازپالايشگاه بااستفاده ازخط لوله “56 مرحله اول به خط لوله سراسري سوم انتقال گازدرمنطقه كنگان ارسال خواهدشد .
طرح توسعه مراحل 4 و 5 :
مذاكرات مقدماتي حقوقي وفني به منظورعقدقرارداد بيع متقابل باشركت هاي خارجي درارتباط بامراحل 4 و 5 توسعه ميدان جهت استحصال 2000 ميليون فوت مكعب گاز ، مشابه طرح توسعه مراحل 2 و 3 ، درحال پيشرفت است .
طرح توسعه مراحل 6 و 7 و 8 :
توسعه مراحل 6 و 7و 8 به منظورتوليد 3000 ميليون فوت مكعب گازدرروزازروي سه سكوي مستقل درنظر گرفته شده است .
برروي هريك ازسكوها ده حلقه چاه توسعه اي حفرخواهدشدكه متوسط توليدهريك ازچاه ها 100 ميليون فوت مكعب درروزمي باشد . تأسيسات نصب شده برروي سكوها درحداقل ميزان ممكن بوده وشامل تسهيلات جمع آوري توليدات چاهها ، تأسيسات تزريق موادشيميائي ، آزمايش چاههاوهمچنين جداسازي و تصفيه آب همراه خواهدبود . هريك ازسكوهامجهز به سكوي مشعل براي تخليه كامل درحالت اضطراري مي باشد . سيالات توليدي توسط سه خط لوله “32 مستقل ، به طول تقريبي 100 كيلومتر به ساحل انتقال خواهديافت .
تأسيسات زيربنائي و پشتيباني
اسكله صادراتي – تداركاتي :
اسكله فوق شامل سه پست پهلوگيري جمعاً به طول 772 مترازنوع كيسوني ( CAISSON ) وباعمق آبخور حداكثر 11 مترنسبت به مبناي بين الملل (CHART DATUM ) به منظورپهلوگيري شناورهاي 15000 تني طراحي شده است . موج شكن دريائي ( BREAK WATER ) داراي دوبازوي اصلي وفرعي ازنوع سنگي – بتني است كه طول بازوها به ترتيب 1200 و 650 مترمي باشد . تأسيسات پشتيباني شامل انبارهاي كالا ، انبارهاي گوگرد ، انبارهاي روباز وساختمانهاي اداري – عملياتي وتأسيساتي زيربنائي در محوطه اي به مساحت حدود 3 هكتاراحداث خواهدشدكه حدوديك هكتارازطريق دريا بازيابي وتحصيل خواهدگرديد .
فرودگاه :
هدف ازبازسازي وتوسعه فرودگاه قديمي موجوددرعسلويه ، ايجاد تسهيلات لازم جهت تسريع دررفت وآمد كارشناسان ، پرسنل مجري وبهره برداري وسرمايه گذاران خارجي به منطقه عملياتي پارس جنوبي و همچنين حمل ونقل محموله وارائه خدمات هوائي به سايرنقاط مي باشد .
فرودگاه در ضلع جنوبي جاده بوشهر – بندرلنگه ودرداخل منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس قرارداردكه براي فرودواستفاده هواپيماهاي ايرباس وغيره درنظرگرفته شده است . طول بانداين فرودگاه 3800 متر و عرض آن 45 مترمي باشد .
خط لوله “56 انتقال گاز :
اين خط لوله به طول 67 كيلومتروقطر “56 با پوشش پلي اتيلن ، براي انتقال گازتوليدي پالايشگاه هاي ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي واقع درعسلويه به خط لوله سراسري سوم انتقال گازدرمنطقه كنگان احداث خواهدشد . درحال حاضر ، مسيردسترسي خط لوله به عرض 26 متروطول 67 كيلومتر احداث شده است كه باتوجه به حجم خاكبرداري وسختي نوع زمين وكوهستاني وصعب العبور بودن مسير ، درنوع خود بي نظير مي باشد .
تأسيسات اداري و رفاهي :
اين مجموعه داراي يك ساختمان اداري ، سه ساختمان استراحتگاه ، سالنهاي غذاخوري ، مسجد، درمانگاه ، زمينهاي ورزشي و مجموعه تفريحي شامل استخر و سالنهاي بازي و سالن اجتماعات مي باشد .
ميدان گازي پارس شمالي :
ميدان گازي پارس شمالي كه يكي ازبزرگترين ميادين مستقل گازي كشورمي باشد ، درسال 1346 هجري شمسي كشف گرديده است. اين ميدان گازي در 120 كيلومتري جنوب شرقي بوشهر ودرفاصله 10 تا 15 كيلومتري ساحل ودرعمق 10 تا 30 متري آبهاي خليج فارس واقع شده است . ذخيره گازاين ميدان 9/58 تريليون فوت مكعب وحجم گازقابل توليدحدود 2/47 تريليون فوت مكعب تخمين زده شده است .
با توجه به تغييرات انجام شده ، توسعه اين ميدان نيز جزء وظايف شركت نفت و گاز پارس قرارگرفته است .
هدف اوليه طرح توسعه ميدان فوق ، صيانت ازمخازن نفتي ازطريق تأمين گازموردنيازجهت تزريق درمخازن نفتي براي حفظ فشارمخزن ودستيابي به بازيافت ثانويه نفت مي باشد . همزمان بادستيابي به بازيافت ثانويه منافع جنبي زيرنيزكه هريك داراي اهميت خاص خوداست ، به دست خواهدشد :
- استمرارتوليدنفت ازمخازن تحت تزريق طبق برنامه هاي پيش بيني شده توليد ، بدون نيازبه سرمايه گذاري بيشتربراي حفرچاه هاي جديدواحداث تأسيسات اضافي سطح الارضي .
- ايجادنوعي ارزش افزوده باانتقال گازازنقاط دوردست دريائي وذخيره آن درمراكزي درمجاورت تأسيسات موجودبه منظوراستفاده ازآن درآينده .
برنامه ها اوليه زمان بندي شده پروژه هاي طرح توسعه پارس شمالي جهت توليد 3200 ميليون فوت مكعب گازدرروزبوده كه توسعه آن تاتوليدكل 4500 ميليون فوت مكعب درروزپيش بيني شده است .
طرح توسعه وتوليدميدان گازي پارس شمالي مشتمل بردوبخش تأسيسات دريائي وتأسيسات ساحلي طراحي مي باشد .
لايه هاي نفتي ميدان پارس جنوبي
علاوه برمخازن گازكنگان ودالان كه مخازن اصلي ميدان مشترك پارس جنوبي هستند ، مخازن ديگري دراين ميدان وجوددارندكه حفاري هاي انجام شده در سال 1370 وجودنفت درآنهاراتأئيدنموده است .
براساس نتايج بدست آمده ازعمليات ژئوفيزيكي ، ازميان اين مخازن ، مخزن داريان درميدان مشترك پارس جنوبي ، از اهميت خاص برخوردار است . ستون نفتي اين مخزن بيش از 100 متروقابليت تخلخل سنگ آهك مخزن حدود 25 درصد تخمين زده شده است .
بنابرآخرين بررسي هاي به عمل آمده ، ظرفيت توليدمتوسط اين ميدان نفتي تا 100 هزاربشكه درروزارزيابي شده است .
منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس
منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس ، درتاريخ 18/7/1377 ، همزمان باولادت باسعادت حضرت فاطمه زهرا سلام ا… عليها ، باتصويب شوراي عالي منطقه آزادكشور ، تحت نظارت شركت ملي نفت ايران ايجادگرديده است ودرحال حاضرمسئوليت اداره آن به عهده شركت نفت وگازپارس مي باشد . اين منطقه باوسعت بيش از 1000 كيلومترمربع دركناره خليج فارس ودرفاصله 250 كيلومتري بندربوشهرو 570 كيلومتري بندرعباس واقع گرديده است
اهداف
مهمترين اهداف ايجاد منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس عبارتنداز : ايجادتسهيلات لازم درزمينه اجراي به موقع پروژه هاي مختلف نفت وگازمخزن عظيم پارس جنوبي ، ايجادزمينه مناسب جهت جلب مشاركت هاي خارجي باهدف توسعه صنايع نفت ، گازوپتروشيمي وديگر صنايع وابسته و داراي فن آوري پيشرفته ، فراهم نمودن زمينه اشتغال درمنطقه و جذب كاركنان ماهرونيمه ماهراستان هاي هم جوارباتوجه به تأثيرات مثبت اين امردرمحروميت زدائي و رشدوشكوفائي اقتصادي استان هاي بوشهر ، فارس وهرمزگان .
ويژگي هاي منطقه :
مهمترين ويژگي هاي منطقه ويژه اقتصادي انرژي پارس عبارتنداز : موقعيت جغرافيائي ممتازونزديكي به ميدان عظيم نفت وگازپارس جنوبي وامكان تأمين انرژي موردنيازصنايع مختلف باقيمت هاي كاملاً رقابتي درسطح منطقه وجهان ، بهره گيري ازقوانين ومقررات مناطق ويژه اقتصادي كشورازجمله استفاده ازمعافيتهاي گمركي جهت واردات كالاوتسهيلات لازم درزمينه صادرات ، بهره گيري ازنيروي كارمتخصص ونيمه متخصص وباتجربه در زمينة صنايع نفت و گاز و پتروشيمي ،دسترسي به آبهاي بين المللي و ايجاد تأسيسات زيربنائي شامل شبكه هاي آب وفاضلاب ، برق ، مخابرات وراههاي دسترسي درمنطقه ، دسترسي به بازارهاي وسيع منطقه وهمچنين كشورهاي آسياي ميانه ازطريق شبكه هاي ارتباطي جمهوري اسلامي ايران . باتوجه به ويژگي هاي مذكور ، پيش بيني مي گردد اين منطقه درآينده نزديك به يكي از مهمترين قطب هاي انرژي – صنعتي خاورميانه تبديل گردد . انشاء ا…
چشم اندازي به پالايشگاه گاز عسلويه
پروژه پارس جنوبي شامل سه فاز 1 و 2 و 3 بوده كه تا 10 فازقابل توسعه مي باشد فازيك توسط شركت نفت وگاز پارس جنوبي وطرح توسعه فاز 2 و 3 ازطريق بيع متقابل به شركت توتال فرانسه ، گازپرام روسيه وپتروناس مالزي واگذار شده است مشاركت سه شركت مذكوربه نسبت 40 ، 30 ، 30 مي باشد .
- تاريخ انعقاد قرارداد فاز 2 و 3 پارس جنوبي بين شركت ملي نفت ( NIOC ) و شركت توتال ( TSP ) 28 سپتامبرسال 1997 وتاريخ فعال شدن آن در7 اكتبرهمان سال مي باشد .
- ظرفيت طراحي هرفازبراي 1000 ميليون پاي معكب درروز (28 ميليون مترمكعب درروز ) وباحدود 40000 بشكه مايعات گازي كه پس ازپالايش براي هرسه فازمعادل 75 ميليون مترمكعب گازبافشار 90 بارواردخط لوله سراسري سوم خواهدشد .
- ميدان گازي پارس جنوبي باكشور قطر مشترك بوده وتأسيسات سكوهاي سرچاهي آن در 105 كيلومتري ازخشكي درداخل درياقرارگرفته اند .
- مخزن داراي 4 لايه روي هم به نام هاي باميزان گازهيدروژن سولفوره متفاوت از 5 تا 1.5 درصدبوده كه هرچه به طرف قطرپيش مي رودميزان آن افزايش مي يابد .
- نحوة برداشت ازمخزن به صورت مشترك ( COMING ) بوده كه ميانگين همراه گازورودي به پالايشگاه درحدود 54/0 تا 58/0 درصدكه احتمال افزايش تا 8/0 درصدنيزداردوميزان مركاپتان آن PPM467 مي باشد .
- هرفازداراي سكوي دريايي مستقل ، هركدام داراي 10 چاه افقي كه تا 15 چاه نيز قابل توسعه هستند بوده وگازترش هرسكوبوسيله خط لوله “32 زيردريائي به صورت دووسه فازي به تأسيسات خشكي منتقل مي گردد .
توضيح اين كه : درطراحي فازيك آب درسكوجدامي گرددولي درفاز 2 و 3 هيچ گونه عمليات تفكيك درسكوانجام نگرفته وتماماًدرخشكي انجام مي گيردوچاه هابدون حضورنفروازراه دوربهره برداري مي شوند .
- ظرفيت هرچاه 10 ميليون پاي مكعب درروزتا 120 ميليون نيزقابل برداشت مي باشند ودرنتيجه ظرفيت هرسكو 1000 ميليون پاي مكعب درروزوحداكثرتا 1200 ميليون پاي مكعب مي باشد .
- عمق آب دركنار سكوهاتا 70 متروعمق مسيرخط لوله بين 60 تا 85 مترمتغييراست ( در 50 كيلومترازمسير تغيير عمق خيلي زياداست ) .
- عمرطراحي تأسيسات 25 سال درنظرگرفته شده است .
تأسيسات پالايشگاه :
هرفازداراي واحدهاي زيرمي باشد :
- سيلابه گيرها 2- واحدتصفيه گاز 2 واحدبه ظرفيت هركدام 500 ميليون پاي مكعب ( 14 ميليون مترمكعب درروز ) 3- گوگردسازي 2 واحدهرواحدبه ظرفيت 100 تن گوگرددرروز 4- مركاپتان زدائي 5- احياءگلايكول 6- كنترل نقطه شبنم 7- ايستگاه تقويت فشار 8- تثبيت مايعات 9- احياءآب ترش
براي سه فازتعداد واحدهاي فوق الذكر 3 برابرخواهند شد .
10-آب شيرين كن 11- ديگهاي بخار 12- نيروگاه 13- توليدازت 14- توليدهوا 15- مخازن مايعات گازي 16- مشعلهاي HP , MP , LP
واحدهاي تأسيسات سرويس هاي وابسته براي فاز 2 و 3 مشترك وفازيك مجزا مي باشند .
17-بندرصادراتي ( اسكله صادرات گوگرد ) 18- گوي شناورصادرات مايعات گازي ( SPM )
Gas turbine :
Types of Turbines
The Gas Turbine is a Thermal Power Machine , in which a flow offheat (kj/h) feed into the combustion chambers in form of a fuel flow , is transformed into mechanical energy (kw) .
This energy is used on single shaft gas turbines as touque to drive a generator (alternator ) to produce electrical energy .
This energy is used on two shaft gas turbines as torque to drive a mechanical unit ( i.g. Gas compressor , oil pump ) to transfer a gas or a fluid from one point to the other .
Basically the gas turbine consists of an air compressor ( axial compressor ) and the turbine ( two or three stages ) .
The Difference between the two types of gas turbines is that the rotor of the single shaft engine is build by the axial compressor and the turbine wheels together and therefore both componemts runing with the same speed cnostantly 100% 5100 rpm.
The two shaft gas turbine is equipped with two indepent Rotor Assemblies , while oneshaft ( Hp – Shaft ) carries the axial compressor and the first turbine wheels together and the second shaft the second turbine wheel .
Between both shafts exist non mechanical connection but a variable guide vane assembly , which controls the speed of the first turbine wheel and distributes the heat energy between the first and second shaft in accordance to the position of the quide vones .
Operation of a single shaft turbine .
The gas turbine rotor is initially accelerated to the ignition speed ( approx . 18% of the rated speed ) by the starting equipment .
Until ignition has taken place the starting equipment alone provides the drive power needed to accelerate the gas rotor .
After ignition has occurred the gas turbine rotor itself provides a certain amount of power which , to gether with the power from the starting equipment acccelerates the rotor to approximately 60% of the rated speed .
After reaching this speed , the self maintaining speed , the starting equipment is atomatically de coupled and the gas turbine rotor accelerates of its own accord up to its rated speed of 5100 RPM.
Ambient air is sucked in by the axial compressor and is cleaned in the filter house .
It then flows through the inlet duct to the compressor inlet .
It is then compressed in the individual stages of the 17 stage axial compressor and feed to the ten combustion chamber .
Fuel is fed into the combustion chamber through nozzles and mixed with the present air to an ignitable mixture
The air fuel mixture is ignited by spark plugs .
The flow of hot gases generated in the combustion chambers is fed at a certain pressure and temprature through transition pieces to the first stage turbine nozzle ring .
The vones of the nozzle ring increase the flow speed of the hot gas and guide it in its condition ( pressure , temprature ) into the inlet side of the bucket stage is converted into torque .
The stream of hot gas flowing out at the discharge side of the first stage trbine wheel still contains thermal energy and is fed to the second – and third turbine stage .
The function procedure in this stages are the same as in the first stage turbine .
At discharge of the third stage turbine the hot gas flow is again at atmospheric pressure and it flows with a temprature of approx . 500 deg.c through the exhaust stack into the atmosphere .
The drive power generated in the three stages turbine drives the axial compressor and the generator .
The sense of rotation of the gas turbine rotor is counter clock wise , viewed from the compressor inlet to the exhaust .
Mechanical Assembly :
The casing of the gas turbine and axial compressor is a self supporting component built up of several individual casings .
This individual casings are split horizontally and vertically .
In the factory the prefabricated and machined casings are vertically assembled , aligned , screwed and pinned .
After completion of the vertically assembly , the casing of the gas turbine and axial compressor is available as an overall casing for further horizontal assembly of internal turbine and compressor components .
- compressor inlet casing
The inlet compressor casing is located at the forward end of the gas turbine.
Its prime function is to uniformly direct air into the compressor .
The modulated inlet guide vanes are located at the aft end of the compressor inlet casing .
The position of these vanes has on effect on the quantity of compressor air folw .
Movement of the inlet guide vanes is actuated by a hydraulic cylinder connected to the inlet guide vanes control ring that turns the in dividual pinion gears mounted at the end of each vane .
Variable Inlet Guide Vane System .
I . General
Variable compressor inlet guide vane are installed on the turbine to provide compressor pulsation protection during start up and shut down and also to be used during operation under partial load conditions .
The variable inlet guide vane actuator is a hydraulically loop to control the guide vanes angle .
II . Guide Vane Actuation
The modulated inlet guide vane actuating system includes the following components :
Servo Valve 90 TV ; position sensors ( L V DT ) 96 TV – 1 and 96 TV – 2 ; and hydraulic dump valve VH3 .
Actuation of the dump valve allows hydraulic oil flow through servo valve 90 TV .
Control of 90 TV will port hydraulic oil thraugh the dump valve to operate the variable inlet guide vane actuator .
For normal shut down , inlet gvide vane actuation is the reverse of the start up sequence .
III . Pulsation Protection Control
The inlet guide vanes are automatically positioned during a start up and shut down sequence to avoid gas turbine compressor pulsation .
The pulsation limit is expressed as a function of 1GV ongle and corrected speed.
IV . Exhaust Temprature Control
For application such as a regenerative cycle or a steam generator ( boiler ) in the gas turbine exhaust , it is desirable to maximize the exhaust temprature .
The control program for such turbines includes an exhaust temprature control which automatically holds the 1GV at a minimum angle during part load operations .
- Compressor Forward Casing
The compressor forward casing contains the first four compressor stator stages .
It also transfers the structural forces from the adjoining casing to the forward support which is bolthed and doweled to this compressor forward flange .
The stator blades for stage 1 to 4 are mounted by dovetails into ring segments .
The ring segments are inserted into circumferential grooves in the casing and are held in place by locking keys .
- Compressor AFT Casing
The compressor aft cosing contains the 5th to 10th compressor stator stages .
The stator blades for stage 5 to 10 have a square base dovetail and are inserted directly into circumferential grooves in the casing .
Locking keys are used as with the blade ring design .
Extraction ports in the casing permit removal of 5th and 11th stage compressor air .
This air is used for cooling and sealing functions and also used for starting and shut down pulsation control .
(( standard tools , special tools , and Test equipment ))
Good tools are essential in the repair and maintenace of machinexy . A mechanic must be able to choose , and use , the correct tools or without the knowledge of how to use and care for them a mechanic will waste his time and many injure himself or his fellow workers
- . Hand Tools
- Hammers :
hammers may be divided in two groups hard face and softface types .
-Hard face hammers are made of forged tool steel , with the striking hardend , of those illustrated , the ball peen is the most commonly used for heading rivets or for similar peening or drawing operations .
The cross is used for spreading or drawing out metal at right angles to the handle , while the straight peen is used for the same work but in line with the handle .
Sledge hammers from 4 to 20 pounds in weight are describe only when heavy blows are necessary .
-Soft face hammers are made of soft materials such as plastic , lead, copper , babbit , bross , … they are used where a steel hammers might damage the work .
Hammers should be held near the end of the handle with the face of the striking surface parallel to the work .
A grip just tight enough to hold it is best . raise the arm and hammer in a smooth are away from the object to be struck and then bring the hammer down with a quick sharp motion .
- Screw driwers :
The most often used screw drivers in our tool box are the common , the crosspoint , and the offset .
- The common screw drivers are used in most work where the screw or bolt is slotted in the standard manner .
- Cross point screw drivers are used only on screws or bolt heads which are cross – slotted .
- The offset screw driver maybe regarded as a special type . we use it when it is impassible to get at a srew head with a comman screw driver .
When using a screw driver , hold it firmly against the screw to prevent marring the screw slot . do not hold the work in your hand while turning a screw , since slipping of the blade is apt to injure your hand , Never use a screw driver as a chisel or prybar .
- Plires :
The types most often used by electrical power production mechanics are the combination slip – joint , long nose , side cutting and water pump plires .
- Combination slip – joint plires are made with two flat , gripping surfaces for holding flat objects and with two curved , toothed areas for holding curved objects .
- Long nose plires are for use where fingers alone can not reach . They are also used to bend wire or terminal clips to fit terminal posts , etc .
- While side cutting plires are designed for cutting wire we can use these plires to cut the pins to fit and to bend the pins to lock them in place .
- Water pump plires are made with extra long handles for increased gripping power . They are adjustable to several positions for handling various sized objects .
- Wrenches :
Are used for tightening or loosening nuts , boths and capscrews or for gripping round materials such as pipe , stud and round stock . The most commonly wrenches are the adjustable , socket , open – end , box – end and pipe types .
Most nuts and boltheads in use have six sides , or flats , and are known as hex nuts and hex heads . for this reason most of our wrenches are built to fit these shapes . Except for the adjustable types , wrenches are non adjustable and connot be uses on any nut or bolt head for which they are not designed .
- Adjustable wrenches are made so that their jaws can be opened or closes to fit the flats of the nut or bolt head .
The monkey wrench and the adjustable open – end are the most common types .
- Socket wrenches , because they have such a wide choice of handles, are usually prefered over other wrenches . The most desirable sockets are made with 6 and 12 – point openings for use in close quarters where you can make only a small turn with the handle . You can get a new hold on a nut everyof wrench handle travel.
- Box – end wrenches are similar to sockets . They have openings that completely encircle the nut or bolt head and they are made in both 6 and 12 point openings .
- Open end wrenches have nonadjustable jaws on one or boltends . The width between the jows determines their size , which compares with nut or bolt head size . The jaws of standard open end wrenches are forged at a angle from the center line of the wrench handle . This allows the mechanic to get a new grip on the nut or bolt head after he has turned it .
- Pipe wrenches , are used for turning pipe , round rods , or smooth fitting which do not offer flat gripping surfaces for other types of wrenches , since the jaws of pipe wrenches have teeth with which to grip the work , they must not be used on ordinary nuts , because they are apt to damage the flats of the nut .
- Punches :
Are classified according to the shape of their points . The most commanly used punches are the center , prick , solid , pin , and long taper types .
- Center punches are designed to mark a point in metal .
At times they are used to indicate a point where you want to drill a hole . In this case the punch will mark the spot and provide a starting point for the drill bit until it cuts its own away .
- Prick punches are used to expand metal slightly . You can also prick the outside surtaces of shafts and make them fit enlarged pulley bores or enlarge the outside surface of sleeve bearing so they will fit move snugly in to the bearing housings .
- Solid punches are used when it’s necessary to drive a component such as a bushing out of a casting .
Sometimes these punches called “ drifts “ .
- Pin punches are made with straight shanks and are designed to drive pins out of holes or shafts , casting , lever , etc .
- Tapered punches : to align holes in two adjacent metals when installing bolts and rivets , these punches may be long or short and are made with relatively long tapered shanks .
- Cold chisels :
Cold chisels get their name because they are used to cut metal while it is in the cold state . They can be used to cut any metal softer than they are . cold chisels are classified according to the shape of their points , the most common being flat, cape , round nose , and diamond point .
- The flat chisel : Is most commonly used for cutting sheet metal or for chipping flat surfaces .
- Cap chisels are used for cutting grooves , slots , or key ways and for chipping where a flat chisel would be too wide .
- A round nose chisel is used to cut round grooves , and also to help in centering a twist drill which has Varied from the center punch mark when you are starting to drill a hole .
- The diamond – point chisel is used to cut V – shaped grooves , and to help in cleaning scored metal from a key way .
A good mechanic will properly use and maintain his chisels . The grinding angle of the cutting edge should be about .
With the edge just a little less than knife sharp .
The chisel should not be pressed too hard against the wheel lest it over heat and lose its temper .
- Files :
Files are used for cutting , smoothing and removing small a mounts of metal . They vary in length , in shape , and in the cut of the teeth .
Files are classified according to the spacing and size of their teeth or in respect to their coarseness , the three coarseat files for fast cutting are called rough , coarse , and bastard – cut . The fine files , used for finishing , are the second – cut , with small teeth : the smooth cut , with very small teeth , and the dead – smooth , with very fine teeth .
When selecting a file for a given job , you must select one with the proper cut and the proper shape to fit the job .
Some of the shapes of files are the triangular , round , square , half – round , mill , and flat .
- Triangular , or three – cornered , files are tapered on all three sides .
They are used for filing acute internal angles and for cleaning out square corners . special triangular are usually provided for filing saw teeth .
- Round files are used for enlarging round holes and slots ; they sometimes are used for removing metal from curved surfaces .
- Square files are tapered on all four sides , they are used to enlarge rectongular – shaped holes and slots .
- The half – round file is a general purpose tool ; the rounded side is used for curved surfaces and the flat face for flat surfaces .
When an inside curve must be filed , use a round or half – round file with a shape which most nearly matches the desired curvature of the work .
- Mill files are tapered in both width and tickness.
One edge , known as the safe edge , has no teeth .
This permits working up to a shoulder without cutting in to the shoulder .
They are most often used for lathe filing , draw filing , and other fine precision work .
- flat files are general purpose tools .
When using a file be sure you have the work secured in a vise and the tang of the file is fitted with a handle to protect your hands .
- Hack saws :
Hack saws are used for cutting metal that is too thick or too hard to be cut with tin snips .
Common hack saws may have either solid or adjustable frames . Adjustable frames can be adjusted to accommodate blades from 8 to 16 inches in length .
Solid frames , although more rigid , will take only the length blade for which they were designed .
Most hack saws frames are designed to permit the rotation of the blade to a right angle position for cutting deeper than the frame would other wise allow .
Hack saw blades most generally used are of two types , the all – hard and the flexible .
The all – hard blades are hardened throughout , while only the teeth of flexible blades are hardened .
An all – hard blade is best for sawing brass , tool steel , cast iron , and other stock of heavy cross section .
In general , a flexible blade is best for sawing hallow shapes and metals of light cross section , such as tubing , pipe , sheet iron , or copper .
- Use a blade with 14 teeth per inch on machine steel , cold – rolled steel , or structural steel .
- Use a blade with 18 teeth per inch on solid stock alummum , babbit , tool steel , and cost iron .
- Use a blade with 24 teeth per inch on tubing , sheet iron , brass , and copper .
- Use a blade with 32 teeth per inch on thinwalled tubing , conduit , and on sheet metal thinner than 18 gauge .
After selecting the correct blade , insert it in the frame with the teeth pointing away from the saw handle .
Saw by moving the saw forward with a light steady stroke .
At the end of stroke , relieve the pressure and draw the blade straight back .
Do not bear down on the saw on the return stroke .
- Power Tools
Power tools are installed in your power plant to make some of the hard jobs easier . It is possible to drill a hole through wood or metal with a hand drill , but if it happens to be a steel I – bean that you are trying to drill , you will spend a great deal of time at it if you must do the drilling by hand . For such jobs , use the power tools in the shop .
2.1 Electrical Drill Motors :
The most used power tools that you will find in any shop are electric drill motors – with then you can drill holes in almost anything to be found in and around the plant .
Drill motors are available in Various sizes , the size being determined by the largest size drill shank that the chuck will take . For example , a ¼-inch drill motor will take all twist drill shanks up to and including ¼-inch sizes ; 3/8-inch size , a 3/8-inch drill ; ½-inch size , a ½-inch drill ; and so on .
- Drill bits are made for various kinds of drilling . one bit is made of high – carbon steel for use only in slow – speed work.
Another bit is made of chrome – vanadium alloy .
It’s intended for high speed turning . Finally ; there are the special – purpose drill , some of which are constructed with carbide tips to be used in drilling masonary and some of which are made of tool steel for drilling in wood .
When you intend to drill with a drill motor , you first determine the size motor to use . If the hole is to be larger than ¼ inch , use a 3/8 or ½ inch – capacity motor .
Then select the proper drill bit center punch the spot to be drilled and drill the hole . Experience will teach you just how hard to push to get the bit to cut a proper sized chip and yet not over load the motor .
Watch closely when it seems that the bit is on the point of breaking through.
Then slack off on the pressure so that the bit comes through easily .
This will keep it from wedging in the uncut metal and sticking .
Sticking of the bit is apt to break the bit or couse the drill motor to slip out of your grip and injure your hand .
2.2 Drill presses :
Drill presses are bench mounted electric drill motors . They consist of an electric motor drilling a sliding spindle shaft through a belt drive system .
The speed of the shaft can be decreased or increased by changing the drive ratios in the belt and pulley system .
This makes it possible to fit driving speed to the proper cutting speed of the drill bit and to the material being drilled .
Drill presses most commonly used are equipped with ½ inch capacity chucks because they have enough power to turn drills up to that diameter .
- Shop Equipment :
Equipment used for general maintenace in any shop is usually considered to be shop equipment .
Such equipment may include tools , fixtures , machines , etc .
These units might be powered or hand operated .
Some of this equipment includes such items as workbenches , vises , cranes , hoists , etc .
3.1 Workbenches :
Almost all shopes are equipped with workbenches of some kind . while many of these have tops which are made entirely of wood , others are made of metal or are metal covered .
Metal – topped benches are more suitable for heavy work , but the wooden – topped benches , when properly covered with linoleum or some similar material, should be used while you are working on items such as fuel injection and fuel pump .
3.2 Vises
Most workbenches are equipped with illvstrated vises :
- The machinist vise has flat jows and a swivel base and is suitable for most ordinary shop work .
- The utility vise has removable , scored jaws , plus being equipped with pipe jaws and an anvil – faced back jaw .
For this reason the utility vise is more versatile , since it will grip pipe or round rods .
STRENGTH AND PROPERTIES OF WIRE ROPE
Wire Rope Construction :
Essentially , a wire rope is made up of a number of strands laid helically a bout a metallic or non – metallic core .
Each strand consists of a number of wires also laid helically about a metallic or non – metallic center .
Various type of wire rope have been developed to meet a wide range of uses and operating conditions .
These types are distinguished by the kind of core ; the number of strands ; the number , sizes , and arrangement of the wires in each strand ; and the way in which the wires and strands are wound or laid about each other .
Rope Wire Materials :
Materials used in the manufacture of rope wire are , in the order of increasing strench : iron , phosphor bronze , traction steel , plow steel , improved plow steel , and bridge rope steel .
Iron wire rope is largely used for low strength applications . phosphor bronze wire rope is used occasionally for elevator governor cable rope and for certain marine applications .
Traction steel wire is used primarily as a hoist rope for passenger and freight elevators of the traction drive type
Rope cores :
Wire – rope cores are made of fiber , cotton , asbestos , polyvinyl plastic , a small wire rope , a multiple wire strand or a cold – drawn wire – wound spring .
Fiber is the type of core most widely used when loads are not too great .
Cotton is used for small ropes such as sash cord and air craft cord .
Asbestos cores cam be furnished for certain special operations where the rope is used in oven operations .
Polyvinyl plastic cores are offered for use where exposure to moisture , acids , or caustics is excessive .
Wire Rope Lay :
The lay of a wire rope is the direction of the helical path in which the strands are laid and , similarly , the lay of a strand is the direction of the helical path in which the wires are laid .
Strand Construction :
Various arrangenments of wire are used in the construction of wire rope strands .
In the simplest arrangement six wires are grouped around a central wire thus making seven wires , all of the same size . Other types of construction known as “ filler – wire “ , warrington , seale , etc .
Specifying Wire Rope :
In specifying wire rope the following information will be requird : length , diameter , number of strands , number of wires in each strand , type of rope construction , grade of steel used , type of center , and type of lay .
Properties Of Wire Rope :
Important properties of wires rope are strength , wear resistance , flexibility , and resistance to crushing and distortion .
Installing Wire Rope :
The main precaution to be taken in removing and installing wire rope is to avoid kinking which greatly lessens its strength and useful life .
Thus , it is preferable when removing wire rope from the reel to have the reel with its axis in a horizontal position and , if possible , mounted so that it will .
Revolve and the wire rope taken off straight .
If the rope is in coil , it should be unwound with the coil in a vertical position as by rolling the coil along the ground .
Where a drum is to be used , the ropes should be run directly onto it from the reel , taking care to see that it is not bent around the drum in direction opposite to that on the reel , thus causing it to be subject to reverse bending.
On flat or smooth – faced drums it is important that the rope be started from the proper end of the drum .
A right lay rope that is being over wound on the drum , that is , it passes over the top of the drum as it is wound on , should be started from the right flange of the drum and a left lay rope from the left flange .
Maintenace Of Wire Rope :
Heavy abrasion , overloading , and bending around sheaves or drums which are too small in diameter are the principal reasons for the rapid deterioration of wire rope .
Wire rope in use should be inspected periodically for evidence of wear and damage by corrosion .
If there is any hazard involved in the use of the rope , it may be prudent to estimate the remaining strength and service life . This should be done for the weakest point where the most wear or largest number of broken wires are in evidence .
Periodic cleaning of wire rope by using a stiff brush and kerosene or with compressed air or live steam and relubricating will help to lenghten rope life and reduce abrasion and wear on sheaves and drums .
Lubrication Of Wire Rope :
Special lubricants are supplied by wire rope manufacturers .
These lubricants vary some what with the type of rope application and operating condition .
The lubricant may be painted on the rope or the rope may be passed through a box or tank filled with the lubricant .
Wire Rope Slings And Fittings :
The straight lift hitch , is a straight connector between crane hook and load.
The basket hitch may be used with two hooks so that the sides are Vertical or a single hook with sides at various angles with the vertical .
The chocker hitch , is widely used for lifting bundles of items such as bars , poles , pipe , etc .
Many varieties of swaged fittings are available for use with wire rope and several industrial and air craft types are illustrated .
Swaged fittings on wire rope have an efficiency of approximately 100 percent of the catalouge rope strength .
These fittings are applied to the end or body of wire rope by the application of high pressure through special dies that cause the material of the fitting to “ flow “ around the wires and strands of the rope to form a union that is as strong as the rope itself
CRANE CHAIN AND HOOKS
Material For Crane Chains :
The best material for crane and hoisting chains is a good grade of wrought iron , because wrought iron will always give warning by bending or stretching , before breaking .
Another important reason for using them , in preference to steel is that a perfect weld can be effected more easily .
Strength of chains :
When calculating the strength of chains , it should be observed that the strength of a link subjected to tensile stresses is not equal to twice the strength of an iron bar of the same diameter as the link stock , but is a certain a mountless , owing to the bending action caused by the manner in which the load is applied to the link .
Care Of Hoisting And Crane Chains :
Chains used for hoisting heavy loads are subject to deterioration , both apparent and invisible .
The links wear , and repeated loading causes localized deformations to form cracks which spread until the links fail .
Chain wear can be reduced by occasional lubrication .
The life of a wrough – iron chain can be prolonged by frequent annealing or normalizing unless it has been so highly or frequently stressed that small cracks have formed .
Safe Loads For Ropes And Chains :
Safe loads recommended for wire rope or chain slings depend not only upon the strength of the sling but upon the method of applying it to the load.
When the load to be lifted has sharp corners or edges , as is often the case with castings , and with Structural steel and other similar objects , pads or wooden protective pieces should be applied at these corners .
Fundamentals Of Welding
Welding Basics :
To understand welding it is necessary to be familiar with the basic terms used by the industry . The American welding society ( AWS ) provides the majority of definitions .
Welding :
Is “ a jointing process that produces coalescence of materials by heating them to the welding temperature , with or without the application of pressure or by the application of pressure alone , and with or without the use of filler metal “ .
The five basic joints are
- Bult joint ; two parts in approximately the same plane .
- Corner joint ; two parts located approximately at right angles to each other .
- T joint ; parts at appraximately right angles , in the form of a T .
- Lap joint ; between overlapping parts is parallel planes .
- Edge joint ; between the edges of two or more parallel parts .
The most important part of the welding system is the welder or welding operator, the human element .
The difference between welders and welding operators is a difference of the manipulative skills involved .
The welding operator may monitor or operate an automatic welding machine .
The Welding positions are defined by the American welding society .
There are four basic welding positions :
- Flat : The welding position uses to weld from the upper side of the joint ; the weld face is approximately horizontal . This some times called down hand .
- Horizontal : position of welding in which the weld axis is approximately horizontal but the definition varies for groove and fillers .
- Over head : position in which welding is performed from the underside of joint .
- Vertical : position of welding in which the weld axis is approximately vertical .
Welding Processes And grouping
The American welding society define a process as “ a distinctive progressive action or series of actions or series of actions involved in the course of producing a basic type of result “ .
Capillary attraction distinguishes the welding processes grouped under “ brazing “ and “ soldering “ from “ arc welding “ , “ gas welding “ , “ resistance welding “ , “ solid – state welding “ , and “ other processes “ .
Brazing
Brazing is “ a group of welding processes that productes coalescence of material by heating them to the brazing temprature in the presence of a filler metal , having a liquidus above and below the solidus of the base metal . The filler metal is distributed between the closely fitted faying surfaces of the
joint by capillary attraction “ . a braze is a very special form of weld ; the base metal is theoretically not melted .
Oxy Fuel Gas Welding
Oxyfuel gas welding ( OFW ) is “ a group of welding processes that produces coalescence of work pieces by heating them with an oxyfuel gas flame .
The processes are used with or without filler metal .
There are four distinct processes within this group and in the case of two of them , oxyacetylene welding and oxyhydrogen welding , the classification is based on the fuel gas used .
The heat of the flame is created by the chemical reaction or the burning of the gases .
In the third process , air acetylene welding , air is used instead of oxygen , and in the fourth category , pressure gas welding , pressure is applied in addition to the heat from the burning of the gases .
Resistance Welding
Resistance welding ( RW ) is “ a group of welding processes that produces coalescence of the faying surfaces with the heat obtained from resistance of the work pieces to the flow of the welding current in a circuit of which the work pieces are a part , and by the application of pressure
Soldering
Soldering ( S ) is “ a group of welding processes that produces coalescence of material by heating them to the soldering temprature and by using a filler metal having a liquidus not excessding and below the solidus of the base metal
Solid – State Welding
Solid – state welding ( S S W ) is “ a group of welding processes that produces coalescence by the application of pressure at a welding temprature below the melting temprature of the base metal and the filler metal “ .
The oldest of all welding processes , forge welding , belangs to this group
Other Welding Processes
This group of processes includes those which are not best defined under the other groupings .
It consists of the following processes : electron beam welding , laser beam welding , thermit welding , induction welding , percussion welding and other miscellaneous welding processes .
Centrifugal Pump Packing
Packing is used in the stuffing box of a centrifugal pump to control the leakage of the liquid pumped where the shaft passes through the casing .
This basic form of seal can be applied in light and medium duty services and with those liquids that prove difficult for mechanical seals .
Design Of Packing Rings
Packing may be reffered to as compression , automatic , or floating .
Automatic and floating packing require no gland adjustments in controlling leakage .
Automatic packing are confined to a given space and are activated by the operating pressure .
Automatic packing rings are designed in the form of V ring , U cups , and O rings .
Floating packing includes piston rings and segmental rings which may be energized by a spring .
These types of packing are commonly used in reciprocating applications .
Compression packing is most commonly used on rotating equipment .
The seal is formed by the packing being squeezed between the inboard end of the stuffing box and the gland .
A static seal is formed at the end of the packing ring and at the inside diameter of the stuffing box .
The dynamic seal is formed between the packing and the shaft or shaft sleeve .
Under load , the packing deformed down against the shaft , controlling leakage .
Some leakage along the shaft is necessary to cool and lubricate the packing .
The amount of leakage will depend on the materials of construction for the packing , operating conditions of the application , and condition of the equipment .
Size And Number Of Packing Rings
The number of packing rings may vary depending on the objective of the sealing system or the requirment of the rotating equipment .
Three rings of packing are used to seal the process liquid from the packing lubricant .
Two rings between the lantern and gland are used to restrict the leakage of lubricant to atmosphere .
The size of the packing depends on the size of the equipment .
Lantern Rings ( Seal Cages )
When an application requires that a lubricant be introduced to the packing , a lantern ring is used to distribute the flow .
This ring is used at or near the center of the packing installation .
For ease of assembly , most lantern rings are axially split .
Materials of construction range from metal to T F E . T F E lantern rings are usually filled with glass or with glass and molybdenum.
Stuffing Box Gland Plates
All mechanical packings are mechanically loaded in the axial direction by the stuffing box gland .
In cases where leakage of process liquid is dangerous or can vaporize and create a hazard to operating personal , a smothering gland is used to introduce a neutral liquid at lower tempratures .
A sufficient quantity of quenching liquid should be used to eliminate the danger from the liquid being pumped .
The neutral liquid circulated in the gland mixes with the leakage and carries it to a safe place for disposal .
Close clearances in the gland control leakage of the combined liquids to atmosphere .
This quench can also be used to protect the packing from any wear through abrasion , because the leakage can not vaporize and leave behind abrasive crystals .
Glands are usually made of bronze , However , cast iron or steel may be used for all – iron pumps .
When iron or steel glands are used , they are normally bushed with a nonsparking material like bronze .
MECHANICAL
Technical Drawing
Objectives :
- Understand the shape , the details of the objects which are presented by views
- Understand details of the objects which are presented by sections
- Draw the 3-views of simple objects
- Give the proper dimensions to the objects
- Name of drawing tools
- Identify symbol used in P F D and P & ID drawing
Content :
- purpose of technical drawing
- elements of technical drawings
- ¨ Views
- ¨ Lines
- ¨ Sectional Views
- ¨ Dimensioning
- Tools of technical drawing , scales , symbols , data
- Tools of technical drawing . scales . symbols
- Annex
- ¨ Piping symbols . process and instrument symbols
- ¨ Welding symbols
Piping And Valves
Objectives :
- Identify components of piping systems
- Understand function of piping components
- Explain about pipeline heating and insulation
- Explain basic concepts of fluid flow in pipelines
- Identify different types of valves
Pipeline Operation
Objectives
- Identify components of piping systems
- Understand function of piping components
- Explain basic precom. / commissioning steps for pipeline operation
- Explain basic operational maintenance associated with pipelines
- Explain method of corrosion protection of piping systems
Introduction To Centrifugal Pumps
Objectives :
- Describe the basic principles of centrifugal pumps
- Introduce all kinds of centrifugal pumps
- Explain the basic parts of centrifugal pumps
- Describe the performance and the efficiency curves
- Introduce pump operation and troubles shooting
Introduction To Positive Displacement Pumps
Objectives :
- Explain the working of the positive displacement pumps
- Describe the different types of positive displacement pumps
- Explain the basic operating principles of reciprocating and rotary pumps
- State the different basic parts of reciprocating and rotary pumps
Introduction To lubrication
Objectives :
- Describe the effect of friction on moving parts
- List the reasons for lubrication
- Describe the three forms of lubricants
- State the lubrication methods
- Storage and handling of lubricants
Introduction To Centrifugal Compressors
Objectives :
- Identify the Centrifugal compressor
- Explain the operation of centrifugal compressor
- Explain the basic parts
Introduction To Steam Turbines
Objectives :
- Explain the operation principles of a steam turbine
- Introduce the basic parts of steam turbine
- Classify and explain different types of steam turbines
- Explain a typical maintenance program
- Explain typical maintenance and operation problems
Introduction To Rotary Compressors
Objectives :
- Identify the different rotary compressors
- Explain the different use of rotary compressors in comparison with other compressors
Introduction To Reciprocating compressors
Objectives :
- Identify to reciprocating compressor basic parts
- Description the principle operation of reciprocating compressors
- Explain the different method of compressor control
- Identify start and shut down procedure
Introduction To Diesel Engine
Objectives :
- Explain 2 and 4- stroke cycle diesel engine
- State the diesel engine parts
- Describe a fuel injection system and its components
- Know the fuel injection pump and fuel injection components
- Define the diesel lubrication system
- Explain the purpose , and working principle of each component
- Describe an air/water cooling system
- State the main steps of periodic maintenance
Introduction To Gas Turbines
Objectives :
- Describe the basic principles of the gas turbine
- Classify and explain different types of gas turbine
- Describe the factors effecting the gas turbine performance and the brayton cycle
- Describe the compressor section of a turbine performance and the brayton cycle
- Describe the purpose of the air intake assembly
- Explain the operating principles of a turbine assembly
- Identify various bearings and seals
- Explain the start up process
Fundamental of Metallurgy
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Explain simply the structure and types of crystals
- Explain simply about steel and its major categories
- Define the term of alloy
- Explain about elasticity in metals
- Explain the two types of fracture in engineering
- Explain simply the major types of non – destructive tests
Thermodynamics
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Explain basic thermodynamic concepts
- Use thermodynamic tables
- Convent thermodynamic properties from SI system to English system and Vice versa .
- Calculate mass flow of some systems
- Calculate energy balance of some systems
PROCESS
Heat Transfer
Objectives :
- Explain simply the principals and types of heat transfer
- Identify major categories of heat exchangers
- Identify name of components of heat exchangers
- Describe common problems of heat exchangers and trouble shooting
Water Treatment
Objectives :
- Describes & explain water treatment processes
- Available in the oil and gas industry
Storage Tank Facilities
Objectives :
- Explain the basis of the storage tank construction
- Describe types of storage tank
- Understand the safety and operation procedures of storage tank
Boilers
Objectives :
- Describe the boiler and different types of boilers
- Explain about the water circuit
- Describe the steam circuit
- Explain about the internal parts of the boiler
Furnace
Objectives :
- Explain combustion principles and the composition and properties of fuel and air
- Explain the influence of the fuel properties on firing process
- Explain about “ excess air “ , “ air factor “ and “ analysis of fuel and air mixture “
- Understand the equipment involved in transferring the heat generated in the combustion chamber to the process medium
- Know how to find out theoretical quantities of combustion air
- Explain some available equipment , which make the complete combustion of fuel – air mixture ensured
- Understand the installations , which are used to treat fuel and air and their mixture
- Understand common safety and operation issuesina furnace
Refrigeration
Objectives :
- Describe a Refrigeration system
- Define the Basic Operation
- Know explain the accessory equipment
Mercaptans Removal
Objectives :
- Describe the mercaptans
- Explain the merox process
- Describe the process chemistry
- Explain the process flow
- Describe the mechanical equipment
Dehydration ( glycol )
Objectives :
- Describe the dehydration principle
- Describe the absorption principle
- Describe the contacting tray principle
- Describe the regeneration process
- Describe the glycol dehydration , in detail
- Describe the contactor
- Discuss the hydrate formation
Dehydration ( Solid Bed Adsorbers )
Objectives :
- Describe the solid bed absorbers
- Describe the dehydration with solid bed absorbers
- Describe the adsorption process
Mass Transfer Operations
Objectives :
- Describe the mass transfer operations
- Explain the types of trays and packing used
- Describe packed towers
- Explain fractionation
- Discuss the construction of a fractionation
- Describe the flow on tower trays
- Discuss the principles of fractionation
- Explain stabilizing
- Describe absorption
- Explain the internal recycle and reflax control
- Describe reboiler and heat control
- Explain stripping
Gas Sweetening
Objectives :
- Describe the natural gas and gas specification for transportation and sales
- Describe the gas sweetening process
- Explain the chemical absorption
- Explain the MEA process
- Explain the DEA process
- Explain the MDEA process
- Explain the operational control
Flare And Burn Pit
Objectives :
- Describe the purpose of flare system
- Explain the function of relief devices in a flare system
- Explain different types and fields of application of flares
- Describe the main parts of a flare and its accessories
Introduction To Utilities
Objectives :
- Describe the basic principles of utilities
Sulfur Recovery
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit the trainees should be able to :
- Explain classical claus process stops
- Describe the effect of pressure , temperature and catalyst on the process plant efficiency
- Know the main equipment and systems of the claus plant
Offshore production
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit the trainee should be able to :
- Understand basic gas and oil production process on offshore plant forms
- Ldentify different major components on offshore plat forms
- Realize the main components on south pars off shore plat form
- Explain valid utilities and chemicals
Physical chemistry – 2
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Understand physical states of substances including hydrocarbons
- Explain the effects of pressure and temperature on phase behavior of a single component system
- Know the behavior partially miscible liquids
- Describe the application of the phase envelopes
- Understand the use of equilibrium vaporization ratio for liquid vapor phase estimation
Physical chemistry -1
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Explain the specific gravity , density and APL gravity
- Describe the major sources of heat and common ways of hoat transfer
- Understand the different pressure , temperature , volume scales and measurements
- Describe the terms vapor pressure , evaporation and condensation
- Understand the ldeal gas and Real gas behavior
Separators
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Understand principals of separation
- Understand the application of separators
- Understand important parameters of operation and troubleshooting
Hydrocarbon chemistry
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Explain the basic elements of matter and compound
- Explain atomic and molecular weight , valence and bond force
- Describe common hydrocarbon names
- Explain “ chemical reaction ”
- Describe acid , base and salts
- Explain alcohols and amines
- Understand mercaptans and carbon sulphur compounds
- Understand reforming and cracking of hydrocarbons
Water and Hydrocarbon Behavior
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Explain emulsion and how it occurs
- Describe principles for emulsion breaking
- Describe water hydrocarbon solutions
- Describe water condensation process from a water hydrocarbon solution
- Know hydrate and hydrate formation conditions
- Describe hydrate inhibition process
- Estimate hydrate formation temperature and pressure
Petroleum industry Over VIEW
Objectives :
Upon completion of the unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Know about the basic geologic principes
- Know about oil and gas generation , migration and accumulation
- Know about exploration techniques
- Know about the drilling
- Know about the production
- Know about the transportution and crude oil refining
Waste water treatment
Objectives :
Upon completion of this unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Describe & explain waste water treatment purposes
- Describe & explain waste water treatment process
Electrical
Battery
Objectives :
- Describe different the types of batteries
- Describe the battery components
- Describe the various modes of battery charging
- Describe the outstanding points on battery
Rotary Electrical Machines
Objectives :
- Know about different types of electromotors ( 3 phase & single phase ) and their components
- Know about motors efficiency
- Know about induction motors
- Know about synchronous ( wound – rotor ) motors
- Know about various types of motor starting
- Know about motor failures and protections
lighting
Objectives :
- Understand the concept of lighting intensity
- Recognize different lamps and lighting fittings
- Know about emergency lighting
- Know about power supply for lighting
- Know about portable lighting
- Know about ligthing for rotary equipment
- Know about lighting for high – elevated positions of onshore and off shore facilities
Earthing System
Objectives :
- Know about the concept of earthing
- Befamiliar with the earthing system components
- Describe different types of earthing
- Know about earthing resistances
Lightning Protection System
Objectives :
- Know about the concept of lightning
- Know about protective measures against lightning
- Describe different types of lightning arresters
- Explain about lightning arresters components
Electrical symbols
Objectives :
- Know about electrical symbols
- Be familiar with electrical symbols descriptions
- Be able to read electrical symbols on drawings
Electrical Diagrams
Objectives :
- Know the concept of electrical drawings and symbols
- Be familiar with different electrical drawings and electrical diagrams
- Describe different drawings and diagrams for various electrical equipment and facilitie
Underground / Above – ground Cables
Objectives :
- Know about different types of cables
- Know about the cables components
- Know about the different insulations for cables
- Know about mechanical and electrical protection of the cables
- Know about electrical characteristics of the cable
- Be familiar with cable – related health and safety notes
- Be familiar with cables colour / number coding and abbreviated cable descriptions
Metering Device
Objectives :
- Understand about the concept of electrical measurements
- Know about the different electrical metering devices
- State the internal components and instruments of the metering devices
- Explain about working with the metering devices and the relevant terminology
Uninterruptible Power Supply ( UPS )
Objectives :
- Understand ups philosophy & application
- Know about ups components
- Describe meters , alarms and indications used for ups system
- Describe operating switches in ups
- Know ups characteristics
- Explain the outstanding points in ups operation
- Explain the outstanding points in ups maintenance
Switch Gears
Objectives :
- Be able describe the power distribution concept
- Know about switch gears and describe different types of switch gears
- Be able to explain switch gear components
- Know all about electrical and mechanical protections for switchgears
Use Of Plant Electrical Documents
Objectives :
- Know about the concept of plant documents
- Be familiar the classification of documents
- Be familiar the electrical design documents
- Know about the electrical equipment vendor document
- Know about the miscellaneous documents
Electrical maintenance practice
Objectives :
- Know about the concept of maintenance
- Explain classification of maintenance practices
- Be able to describe maintenance activities scheduled for various electrical equipment
Electrical Safety / Hazardous Areas
Objectives :
- understand and explain the concept of hazardous areas
- know the gas and temperature classification
- Explain the hazardous areas classification
- Know the equipment selections for hazardous and non – hazardous areas
- Explain the ingression protection ( mechanical protection of electrical equipment )
Introduction to Transformers
Objectives :
Upon completion of this unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Have a general familiarization with the concept of transformers as electrical equipment
- Know about different types of transformers
- Know about the principal components and fittings of a transformer
- Know about winding connections
- Know about transformer name plate
- Know about transformer losses
Basic Electricty
Objectives :
Upon completion of this which covers six sessions , the trainees should be able to :
- Know electron theory
- Know about magnetism , magnetic and magnetic field
- Know about electrical principles of geneators
- Know and describe the alternating carrent ( AC ) circuits , relevant laws and calculations .
Instrument
Control Valve
Objectives :
- Describe the operation of a typical control valve , identify and state the purpose of the major component parts
- Describe the meaning of “ fail safe “ in a control valve
- Identify the following valve types : single ported , Double ported , Balanced plug and cage , Butterfly , Rotary Eccentric plug
- Describe the term : control valve characteristics “ and identify the three most common cotrol valve characteristic curves
- Describe the direct and reverse action spring loaded diaphragm actuators and identify the major component parts
- Describe the operation of piston type actuator
- Describe the purpose of and state the operating procedures for control valve hand wheel actuators
- State the purpose of valve positioners
- Briefly describe the operation of a common “ fisher’’ valve positioner
- State the purpose of the characterized feed back cams
Liquid Level Measurement
Objectives :
- Explain the principles of level measurement
- Describe most common liquid level measuring methods and instruments
Basic Logic And Boolean Algebra
Objectives :
- Understand the binary system and conversion between binary and decimal systems
- Understand the basics of Boolean algebra and the logic gates
- Memorize the name and the function of most common logic gates
- Use the idea of logic to understand the logic control diagrams
Flow measurement
Objectives :
- Describe fluids properties
- Categorizc flow measurement devices
- Name some flow measurement devices commonly used in oil and gas industries
- Explain positive displacement meter
- State Bernoulli’s theorem
- Explain orifice meter
- Describe important points about orifice plate & its installation
- State relation between differential pressure across an orifice plate and flow
- Define flow coefficients
- Calculate liquid flow rate through on orfice plate using flow coefficient and differential pressure across orifice plate
- Describe gas flow measurement
- Calculate gas flow rate through on orifice plate using flow coefficient and differential pressure across orifice plate
- Describe turbine flow meter principle & application
- Explain variable area flow meter principle & application
Fire And Gas Alarm System
Objectives :
- explain about hazardous conditions
- Describe fire and gas alarming systems
- Define fire and gas alarming system component and the locations where they are installed
- Describe different fire and gas detectors
- Define audio and video alarm indications
- Explain about zone classification of protected areas .
Fire Fighting System
Objectives :
- Understand the concept of fire fighting
- Know about different fire fighting equipment
- Know about f / f system components
- Know about outstanding points on f / f system
Process Control
Objectives :
- Distinguish the difference between open loop and closed loop control system
- Explain the function of different elements in a control loop
- Specify process disturbances in a control loop
- Define different terms of control terminology
- Describe the difference between feed back and feed forward control system
- Describe process characteristics
- Describe different control modes
Basic computer compenents
Objectives :
Upon finishing this unit the trainees should be able to :
- Outline basic computer components and their functions
- Outline the important caution in long tem storage of magnetic media
Computerized control systems
Objectives :
Upon finishing this unit the trainees should be able to :
- Outline the basic structure of PLC / DCS
- Outline the functions of basic components of PLC / DCS
- Outline the major benefits of using PLC / DCS
Instrument symbols
Objectives :
Upon finishing this unit the trainees should be able to :
- Outline a typical identification system
- Recog nize the most common instrument symbols and their meanings
Temperature measurement
Objectives :
Upon completion of this unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Define the term “ Temperature ”
- Convert the temperature scales
- Describe different kinds of thermometers and temperature sensors and their application
- Out line the basic construction of individual thermometers
Pressure measurment
Objectives :
Upon completion of this unit , the trainees should be able to :
- Understand the meaning of atmospheric pressure and its measuring device .
- Describe gauge pressure , absolute pressure , vacuum & differential pressure , static head
- Convert units of pressure
- Name different methods pressure measurement
- Describe bellows & diaphragm
- Describe manometery ( including “ U ” tube well type )
Safety
Safety : Chemical Hazards
Objectives :
- Define chemical fire & explosion & flammable liquids
- Describe chemical Health & toxicity
- Know about chemical and Gases
Safety : Production Safety
Objectives :
- Understand permit to work ( P.T.W ) general principles
- Explain the different between Hot work , cold work electrical , entry … ( P.T.W )
- Be familiar with preparation safe condition to do work permit
Fire Prevention
Objectives :
- Explain the chemistry of fire
- Recognize flammable liquids
- Know how to prevent a fire
- Know how to extinguish the fire
General safety part II + off shore safety course
Objectives :
Upon completion of this course , the trainees should be able to :
- Explain how to prevent accident and be aware of procedures
- Explain about fire categories
- Be familiar with work permits
- Know emergency practices on site
Instrument safety measures
Objectives :
Upon completion of this unit the trainees should be able to :
- Keep away from different kind of Hazardous actions
- Understand the meaning of wet part and electrical part and the safety measure on both categories
Inspection
Corrosion fundamentals
Objectives :
- Understand mechanism of corrosion
- Identify different types of corrosion
- Explain methods of corrosion protection
Cathodic protection
Objectives :
- Understand the concept of corrosion in steel structures
- Describe the different methods of protection against corrosion
- Describe cathodic protection equipment
Machingery Alignment
For most rotating machines used in the process industries , the trend is toward higher speed , higher horse powers per machine , and less sparing .
The first of these factors increase the need for precise balacing and alignment .
This is necesssary to minimize vibration and premature wear of bearings , couplings , and shaft seals .
The latter two factors increase the economic importance of high machine reliability , which is directly dependent on minimizing premature wear and break down of key components .
Balancing , deservedly , has long received attention from machinery manufacturers and user as a way to minimize Vibration and wear .
Many shop and field balancing machines , instruments , and methods have become available over the years .
Alignment , which is equally important , has received proportionately less notice than its importance justifies .
Pre alignment Requirements
The most important requirement is to have someone who knows what he is doing , and cares enough to do it right .
Continuity is another important factor .
Even with good people , frequent movement from location to location can cause neglect of things such as tooling completeness and pre alignment requirements .
Here is a list of such items and questions to ask one self :
Foundation
Adequate size and good condition ? a rule of thumb calls for concrete weight equal to three times machine weight for rotating machines , and five times for reciprocating machines .
Grout
Suitable material , good condition , with no voids remaining beneath base plate ?
Tapping with a small hammer can detect hollow spots , which can then be filled by epoxy in jection or other means .
Base plate
Designed for adequate rigidity ? Machine mounting pads level , flat , parallel , coplanar , clean ?
Check with straight edge and feeler gauge .
Do this upon receipt of new pumps , to make shop correction possible – and may be collect the cost from the pump manufacturer .
Shims clean , of adequate thickness , and of corrosion , and crush – resistant material ?
Piping
Is connecting piping well fitted and supported , and sufficiently flexible , so that no more than 0.003 inch .
Vertical and horizontal movement occurs at the flexible coupling when the last pipe flanges are tightened ?
Selective flange bolt tightening may be required , while watching indicators at the coupling .
If pipe flange angular misalignment exists , a “ dutchman ” or tapered filler piece may be necessary .
Coupling Installation
Some authorities recommend installation on typical 0.0005 inch . per inch . of shaft diameter .
In our experience , this can give problems in subsequent removal or axial adjustment .
If an interference fit is to be used , we prefer a light one – say 0.003 in . to 0.005 in . Overall , regardless of diameter .
For the majority of machines operating at 3600 RPM and be low , you can install couplings with 0.005 in .
Overall diameteral clearance , using a setscrew over the key way .
Coupling cleanliness , and for some types , lubrication , are important and should be considered .
Alignment Tolerances
Before doing an alignment Job , we must have tolerances to work to ward .
Other wise , we will not know when to stop .
One type of “ tolerance ” makes times the determining factor , especially on a machine that is critical to plant operation , perhaps the only one of its kind .
The operations superintendent may be interested in getting the machine back on the line , fast .
Tolerance must be established before alignment , in order to know when to stop .
Various tolerance bases exist . one authority recommends ½-mil maximum centerline offset per in .
Of coupling length , for hot runing misalignment .
A common tolerance in terms of face – and – rim measurements is 0.003-in.
Allow able face gap difference and centerline offset .
This ignores the resulting accuracy variation due to face diameter and spacer length differences , but works adequately for many machines .
Choosing an Alignment Measurement Set up
Many such set ups are possible , generally falling into three categories :
Face – and – rim , reverse – indicator , and face – face – distance .
The following sketches show several of the more common set up , numbered arbitrarily for ease of future reference .
Note that if measurements are taken with calipers or I D micrometers , it may be necessary to reverse the sign from that which would apply if dial indicators are used .
Figures 1-1 through 1-6 show several common arrangements of indicators , jigs , etc .
For example , figures 1-1 and 1-2 can be done with jigs , either with or without breaking the coupling .
They can also sometimes be done when no spacer is present , by using right – angle indicator on the same side , rather than opposite as shown .
In such cases , however , a sign reversal will occur in the calculations .
Also , we can indicate on back of face , as for connected metal disc coupling . Again , a sign reversal will occur .
In choosing the set up to use , personal preference and custom will naturally influence the decision , but here are some basic guidelines to follow .
Figure 1-1. Two – indicator Face – and – Rim Alignment method .
Figure 1-2. Three – indicator Face – and – Rim alignment method
Figure 1-3. close – coupled Face – and – Rim Alignment method .
Figure 1-4. Reverse – indicator Alignment using clamp – on Jigs .
Figure 1-5. Reverse – indicator Alignment using face – mounted Brackets or any other Brackets which hold the indicators as shown .
Figure 1-6. Two indicator face – face – Distance Alignment method .
Revers – indicator Method
This is the setup we prefer for most alignment work .
It has several advantages :
- Accuracy is not affected by axial movement of shafts in sleeve bearings .
- Both shafts turn together , either coupled or with match marks , so coupling eccentricity and surface irregularities do not reduce accuracy of alignment readings .
- Face alignment , if desired , can be derived quite easily without direct measurment .
- Rim measurments are easy to calibrate for bracket sag .
- Geometric accuracy is usually better with reverse indicator method in process plants , where most couplings have spacers .
- With suitable clamp – on Jigs , the reverse – indicator method can be used quite easily for measurment without disconnecting the coupling or removing its spacer .
Ther are some limitations of the reverse – indicator method .
It should be used on close – coupled installation , unless jigs can be attached behind the couplings to extend the span to 3 in. or more .
Both shafts coupled must be rotatable , preferably by hand , and preferably shile coupled together .
If required span exceeds Jig span capability , either get a bigger Jig or change to a different measur ment set up such as face – face – distance .
Face – and – Rim Method
This is the “ traditional ” set up which is probably the most popular , also it is losing favor as more people learn about reverse – indicator .
Advantages of face – and – rim :
- It can be used on large , heavy machines whose shaft can not be turned .
- It has better geometric accuracy than reverse – indicator , for large diameter couplings with short spans .
- It is easier to apply on short – span and small machines than is reverse – indicator , and will often give better accuracy .
Limitations of face – and – rim :
- If used on machine in which one or both shafts cannot be turned , some runout error may occur , due to shaft or coupling eccentricity .
- If used on a sleeve bearing machine , axial float error may occur .
- If used with Jigs and pots , two or three axis leveling is required , for ball and sleeve bearing machines respectively .
- Face – and – rim has lower geometric accuracy than reverse – indicator , for spans exceeding coupling or Jig diameter
Face – Face – Distance method
Advantages of face – face – distance :
- It is usable on long spans , such as cooling tower drives , without elaborate long – span brackets or consideration of bracket sag .
- It is the basis for thermal growth measurment in the Indikon proximity probe system , and gain is unaffected by long axial spans .
- It is sometimes a convenient method for use with diaphragm couplings such as Bendix and koppers , allowing mounting of indicator holders on spacer tube , with indicator contact points on diaphragm covers
Limitation of face – face – distance :
- It has no advantage over the other methods for anything expect long spans .
- It can not be used for installation where no coupling spacer is present .
- Its geometric accuracy will normally be lower than either of the other two methods .
- It may or may not be affected by axial shaft movement in sleeve bearings , but this can be avoided by the same techniques as for face – and – rim .
پمپ هاي گريز ازمركز Contrifugal pump
درپمپ گريز ازمركز ازنيروي گريزازمركز براي پمپ كردن سيالات استفاده مي شود . اين نوع پمپ درساده ترين نوع خود داراي يك چرخ پروانه Impller است كه در يك محفظه حلزوني Volute casing به كمك يك دستگاه توليد نيرو مي چرخد .
سيال موجود در مركز پروانه ( چشم پروانه يا Eye Impller ) بوسيله حركت دوراني پروانه سرعت زيادي پيداكرده و به كمك نيروي گريزازمركز درامتداد شعاع به حاشيه پروانه مي رسد وبا سرعتي مماس وارد محفظه مي شود . انرژي جنبشي مايع در موقع ورود به چرخ دراثرحركت دوراني چرخ زياد شده و در نتيجه انرژي فشاري مايع كم شده و يك خلاء ناقص ايجاد مي شود و فشار هوا ، سيال را از منبع به داخل پمپ هدايت مي كند و بنابراين با گردش پيوسته چرخ يك جريان يكنواخت و پيوسته در پمپ ايجاد مي شود . پمپ هاي گريز از مركز به وسيله موتورهاي درونسوز – موتورهاي الكتريكي وانواع توربين ها مي چرخند .
انواع مهم پمپ هاي گريز از مركز :
دراين نوع پمپ ها چون تبديل انرژي جنبشي به انرژي فشار در جداره داخلي پمپ صورت مي گيرد برحسب اين كه به چه صورت اين انرژي تبديل مي شود ، پمپ ها را به سه دسته طبقه بندي كرده اند :
1- پمپ هاي حلزوني Volute pump 2- پمپ هاي افشاننده Diffuser pumps 3- پمپ هاي تركيبي Volute Diffuser pumps
هر يك از دسته هاي فوق نيز به دو دستة زير تقسيم مي گردند :
الف ) پمپ هاي يك مرحله اي ( Single stage ) ب ) پمپ هاي چند مرحله اي ( Multi stage )
پمپ هاي حلزوني :
در اين نوع پمپ ، پروانه و قفسه مختلف المركزند . در اين پمپ ها با استفاده از اصل برنولي قفسه طوري طراحي شده كه مجراي موجود در جداره داراي دهانه ايست كه به تدريج قطر آن زياد مي شود . بدين ترتيب است كه از سرعت و انرژي جنبشي سيال در مسير خروجي كاسته شده و برانرژي فشاري آن افزوده گشته و فشار آن بالا مي رود ، بنابراين دراين نوع پمپ ها فشار خروجي مايع بيش از فشار ورودي آن است .
پمپ هاي افشاننده :
در اين نوع پمپ ، پروانه تقريباً در وسط قفسه قرارگرفته و علاوه برپروانه ، پره هاي ساكني درپشت پروانه قرارداده اند كه كارتبديل انرژي را انجام مي دهند .
اين پره ها جمعاً يك تكه هستند و پره هاي افشاننده ( Diffuser ) ناميده مي شوند . در اين نوع پمپ فشار مايع در موقع خروج از پره هاي افشان بيشتر ازپمپ حلزوني است بنابراين راندمان آن نيز كمي بيشتر است ولي پره اضافي و ساختمان پيچيده تر از رواج آن جز براي فشارهاي زياد كاسته است . پمپ هاي افشاننده گاهي اوقات ، پمپ توربين ناميده مي شوند .
پمپ هاي تركيبي :
اين نوع پمپ از تركيب دونوع قبلي ساخته شده است يعني هم پروانه و هم قفسه مختلف المركزند و در نتيجه حلزوني است و هم از چرخ افشان استفاده شده است . كاربرد اين پمپ ها در جاهائي كه فشار زياد مورد نياز است مي باشد .
– پمپ هاي يك مرحله اي :
داراي يك پروانه هستند كه قادرند با سرعت متوسط تا 400 فوت ارتفاع آب را انتقال دهند .
– پمپ هاي چند مرحله اي :
موقعي كه به ارتفاعهاي زياد احتياج باشد از اين نوع استفاده مي شود . در اين پمپ ها پروانه ها به صورت سري روي يك محور مشترك سوار شده اند ، به طوري كه سيال پس از عبور ازپروانه اول با فشار ثابتي به پروانه دوم وارد شده و به همين ترتيب ازكليه پروانه ها گذشته و به خارج هدايت مي شود .
– اجزاي مهّم پمپ هاي گريز از مركز :
اين پمپ ها از دو قسمت اصلي تشكيل مي شوند :
1 – قسمت گردنده پمپ كه شامل محور پروانه است . 2 – قسمت ثابت پمپ كه از جداره – قسمت هاي آب بندي كننده و ياتاقان ها تشكيل مي گردد و بقيه اجزاء براي بهتر نمودن ساختمان قسمت هاي اصلي و بهبود روش كار پمپ مي باشند
پروانه Impller
پروانه تشكيل شده از يك چرخ مدور كه تعدادي پره روي آن قرار گرفته است و با حركت دوراني خود به سيال انرژي جنبشي داده و آن را پمپ مي كند
خميدگي – زاويه و تعداد پره هاي پروانه در نوع سيالي كه بايد پمپ شود و همچنين فشار و ظرفيت پمپها موثر است . به طوري كه پروانه ها به سه صورت بسته – نيم بسته و باز تقسيم مي شوند .
- پروانه باز : اين نوع پروانه از تعدادي پره بدون پوشش تشكيل شده است و بدنه پمپ كار پوشش را انجام مي دهد . ازاين نوع پروانه براي پمپ كردن مايعاتي كه حاوي موادجامدهستند ، استفاده ميشود .
- پروانه نيم باز : در اين نوع پروانه پره ها روي صفحه اي قرارگرفته اند ، به طوري كه صفحه پوشش يك طرف آن را تشكيل مي دهد و پوشش طرف ديگر را بدنه پمپ تشكيل مي دهد . اين پروانه براي مايعات غليظ مفيد است . ضمناً بايد توجه شود در موقع نصب دو نوع پروانه فاصله بين پره و بدنه درست به اندازه پيش بيني شده باشد . اگر اين فاصله كمتر شود توليد اصطكاك اضافي نموده و باعث سائيدگي و خراب شدن تلمبه مي گردد و اگر فاصله زياد باشد مقداري مايع از قسمت فشار به قسمت مكش عبور نموده در نتيجه از ظرفيت پمپ كاسته مي شود .
- پروانه بسته : پره هاي اين نوع پروانه ميان دو صفحه قرارگرفته اند به طوري كه هر دو پره با پوشش آن تشكيل يك مجراي مستقلي مي دهد . اين نوع پروانه از انواع ديگر معمولي تر و در اغلب پمپ هاي گريزازمركز براي مايعات تميز بكار مي رود .
محور : Shaft
ميله اي است كه پروانه روي آن سوار مي شود و با گردش خود پمپ را به كار مي اندازد . اين ميله از داخل جعبه آب بندي عبور كرده و وارد ياتاقان مي شود . يك سر محور توسط فلانچ به نيروي محركه وصل مي شود و با گردش موتور محور و پروانه مي چرخد و سيال پمپ مي شود .
آستين محور :Shaft Sleeve
پوشش هايي كه در طرفين محور سوار مي شوند و سه وظيفه را انجام مي دهند .
الف) كار مهره را انجام داده و پروانه را در جاي خود محكم نگه مي دارد .
ب ) جلوگيري از خورندگي محور در تماس با مايعات خورنده .
ج ) روي محور در ياتاقانها مي چرخد و از سائيده شدن محور جلوگيري مي كند .
حلقه هاي روغن : Shaft Oil Rings
عبارتند از حلقه هائي كه براي عمل روغنكاري در ياتاقانها مورد استفاده قرار مي گيرند .
حلقه هاي سائيده : Wearing Rings
سيالي كه از پروانه خارج و به داخل محفظه پمپ مي ريزد داراي فشار زيادتري از سيال ورودي به چشم پروانه است ، لذا سيال فشار دارد اگر راه پيدا كند مجدداً به مركز پروانه برمي گردد . براي جلوگيري از اين عمل بايد پروانه طوري در بدنه نصب گردد كه سيال نتواند از لاي درز آن به جاي اول برگردد و در عين حال پروانه بتواند آزادانه با حداقل اصطكاك بگردد .
اگر پروانه مستقيماً در بدنه نصب شود بعد از مدتي در اثر سائيده شدن بايستي پروانه يا بدنه را عوض كرد ، چون تعويض پروانه يا بدنه گران تمام مي شود دو حلقه در طرفين دهانه پروانه روي لبه آن با فشار زياد ثابت كرده اند كه به آنها Impller Wearing Rings گفته مي شوند و دو حلقه ديگر در بدنه پمپ كار گذاشته اند و با برجستگي كه روي آن وجود دارد در بدنه ثابت است ( Casing Wearing Rings ) .
بين اين دو حلقه فاصله بسيار كمي ( بين 2 تا 4 هزارم اينچ ) وجود دارد . جنس اين حلقه ها معمولاً برنجي و گاهي چدني است .
ياتاقان : Bering
تكيه گاهي است براي نگهداري محوروفشاركه برآن اعمال ميشود . جنس ياتاقانهاممكن است ازفولاد – مس –لاستيك سرب -فسفر –برنزيا بابيت باشندكه هركدام ازآنهابراي مواقع به خصوصي به كار برده ميشوند .
در ياتاقانها به منظور جلوگيري از اصطكاك فاصله اي بين محور و ياتاقان قرار مي دهند كه آنرا Bearing Clearance مي نامند . اين فاصله معمولاً به ازاي هر اينچ قطر محوربين 1 تا هزارم اينچ مي باشند . براي تعيين اين فاصله از پلاستي گيج استفاده مي شود .
انواع ياتاقانها : ( ياتاقانها را به دو دسته اصلي تقسيم مي كنند )
- ياتاقان هاي لغزشي Plane Bearing 2- ياتاقان هاي چرخشي Ball & Roller Bearing
ياتاقان هاي لغزشي :
ياتاقان هاي ثابت هستند و نمي چرخند و در عوض محور پمپ در آنها مي چرخد . اين ياتاقان ها اكثراً بوسيله رينگ روغني از يك مخزن روغن Oil housing در بدنه پمپ روغنكاري مي شوند .
ياتاقانهاي لغزشي نيز انواع مختلفي دارند كه عبارتند از :
1- Journal Bearing 2- Thrust Bearing 3- Guide Bearing
به منظور جلوگيري از نيروي محور ، ياتاقان لغزشي بايد از نوع Thrust Bearing باشد .
* ياتاقانهاي چرخشي :
ياتاقان هايي هستند كه با خود محور مي چرخند واز دو روپوش بيروني وداخلي ويك قفس براي ساچمه ها تشكيل شده اند . اين ياتاقانها به دو دسته اصلي تقسيم مي شوند :
1- نوع گلوله اي Ball Bearing 2- نوع غلطكي Roller Bearing
جعبه آب بندي Stuffing Box
درپمپ هاي گريزازمركز از دو نوع جعبه آب بندي (معمولي و مكانيكي ) استفاده مي شود كه امروزه نوع مكانيكي آن مورد استفاده قرار مي گيرد .
جعبه آب بند مكانيكي ( Mechanical Seal ) از دو حلقه استوانه اي شكل تشكيل شده كه هريك داراي يك سطح صيقلي شده و صاف بوده و عمود بر محور قرار مي گيرند ، به طوري كه دوسطح صيقلي شده مقابل يكديگرواقع مي شوند . يكي ازاين دوحلقه Mating Ring ناميده مي شوندوبه طورثابت درمحفظه آب بندي قراردارددرپشت آن يك حلقه لاستيكي نصب شده تاازنشت سيال ياهواكشيدن جلوگيري كند .
حلقه ديگر Seal Ring نام دارد كه محكم روي محور پمپ سوار مي شود و با آن مي چرخد . گاهي نيزروي محور Sleeve سوار كرده و Seal Ring روي آن قرار مي گيرد . بين Sleeve , Seal Ring يك حلقه لاستيكي نصب مي شود ، به طوري كه Seal Ring مي تواند به آساني روي آن بلغزد و بالاخره پشت آن فنري است كه آن را هميشه به Mating Ring مي چسباند . فشار فنر به اندازه ايست كه بتواند دو سطح صيقلي شده را به هم بچسباند ولي نه به آن اندازه كه اصطكاك فوق العاده ايجاد كند .
ضمناً يك لايه نازك سيال بايد اين دو صفحه را جدا كند . اين لايه ممكن است بوسيله لوله اي از بالاترين نقطه پمپ از سيال فشاردار يا از خارج تأمين شود .
دوره Common course كه شامل رشته هاي مكانيك – ابزاردقيق – برق و الكتريسيته – ايمني – بهره برداري مي باشد ، در تاريخ 2/7/79 در دانشگاه شهيد عباسپور تهران آغاز شد و پس از طي حدوداً 465 ساعت كلاس تئوري به منظور آشنايي كلي با كليه رشته ها براي انتخاب رشته در تاريخ 6/11/79 به اتمام رسيد .
دروس تئوري تدريس شده درطول اين دوره عبارتند از :
رسم فني – زبان فني – شيمي عمومي – زمين شناسي – ايمني عمومي – رفتار آب و هيدروكربورها – ترموديناميك – فشارسنجها – الكتريسته عمومي – علم مواد – تفكيك كننده ها – تعيين سطح مايعات – شيرهاي صنعتي و لوله ها – دستگاههاي دوار الكتريسيته – كوره ها – ترانسفورماتورهاي الكتريكي – عملكرد لوله ها در صنعت – پمپ هاي گريز از مركز – ايمني ( سيلندرهاي گازمايع وموادشيميايي و … ) – فاضلاب – انتقال دهنده هاي حرارت – اندازه گيري مايعات – باتري ها – اندازه گيري درجه حرارت – Flare – ايمني ( پيشگيري و اطفاء حريق ) – روغنكاري ( روانكاري ) – انتقال جرم مواد – اندازه گيري ميزان دبي – سيستم UPS – كابل ها – دستگاهها و تجهيزات اندازه گيري – تصفيه گاز ( شيرين سازي گاز ) – ايمني (حوادث شيميايي ) – پمپ هاي رفت و برگشتي – آب زدايي گاز ( روش Solid bed ) – سوئيچ هاي الكتريكي – Control Valves – رسم فني برق و علائم اختصاري – ايمني ( پيشگيري از برق گرفتگي ) – آب زدايي (روش گليكول ) – جداسازي مركابتان از گاز – سيم هاي اتصال بدنه و earthing – logic control – ايمني ( توليد ) – سيستم هاي خنك كننده كمپرسورهاي گريزازمركز – اصول اوليه كامپيوتر – روشنايي – لوازم و تجهيزات دريايي – جداسازي گوگرد – حفاظت كاتدي – ديگهاي بخار – كمپرسورهاي رفت و برگشتي – علائم اختصاري در ابزاردقيق – كمپرسورهاي دوار – پمپ هاي ديزل – واحد توليد بخار ، ازت و اكسيژن – تقسيم بندي نواحي مختلف از لحاظ حوادث – توربين گاز – توربين بخار – كنترل كننده هاي بهره برداري – مخازن انبار كننده – لوازم و تجهيزات خاموش كننده آتش – تعمير ونگهداري برق – مهار كردن دي اكسيد كربن .
اكنون به شرح اهداف هر يك ازموارد فوق مي پردازيم :
UNIT 100 Reception Facilities
Unit 100 includes the plant inlet manifold and pig receiving sections installed at the outlet of each sealine , and a finger type slug catcher for the reception of the three – phases fluid from the two offshore sealines .
The slug catcher is made of two ½ parts that normally isolated and allow independent operation of the two sealines .
The manifold at slug catcher inlet allows a sealine crossover which reduces the risk of a total shutdown and enhances the south pars operating flexibility .
The normal operating pressure in the slug catcher is 75 bara ; however sealines packing and depacking operations are foresoon which faciliate operating flexibility between offshore and onshore .
It is possible to pack the sea line until the maximum pressure of 110 bara is reached in the slug catcher .
The HP raw gas seperated in each ½ slug catcher flows through to the gas pressure letdown station and to the HP seperators where final separation of liquid from gas , including liquid produced by retrograde condensation across the pressure letdown station , takes place .
Plant capacity
One unit 100 facility is provided per phase .
The total capacity of each unit 100 facility is 1000 MMSCFD of reservoir fluids.
Unit 101 gas treating/sweeting ( MDEA )
- purpose
The purpose of this unit is to remove from the inlet sour gas feed which comes from a combined feed of the reception facilities of the plant and condensate stabilisation recompressed off gas .
The feed gas contains and mercaptans . These shall be removed from the gas prior to export to the pipeline .
- OVER VIEW
A total of 4 GTU are provided , two for each phase 2 & 3 .
The gas treating units are located between the HP separators and condensate stabilisation ( units 100 & 103 ) and the Dehydration units ( unit 104 ) .
The unit utilises the generic MDEA Gas sweetening technology licensed by EEP . The MDEA selectively removes most of the Hydrogen Sulphide and some carbon Dioxied from the sour gas .
The GTU consists of an Absorphion section and a MDEA Regeneration section . The processed sweet gas leaving the GTU is then further treated in the dehydration unit . The acid gas by product produced by the GTUs is passed to the Sulphur Recovery units for further treatment .
Unit 102 MEG REGENERATION AND INJECTION
- Purpose
Unit 102 “ MEG Regeneration and injection ” regenerates recovered aqueous Mono Ethylene Glycol solution (MEG) from unit 103 and raises its pressure so it is suitable for transfer and re-injection in to the off-shore 32” sealines .
Additionally , unit 102 provides storage capacity for the Rich and Lean MEG solutions .
- OVER VIEW
During the transport of the 3-phase fluid between the offshore facilities and the onshore plant through two 32” sea lines , there is a risk of hydrate formation in the presence of free water .
An aqueous glycol solution of 70% Wt MEG , 30% Wt is injected offshore in the sealines , inorder to protect against this hydrate formation during the transfer to onshore facilities .
Further more , this MEG solution , with amines additives for PH control is used as a corrosion inhibitor .
UNIT 103 CONDENSATE STABILISATION
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 103 , condensate stabilisation unit , is to produce stabilised condensate with a RVP of 10 psi in summer and 12 psi in winter after mixing with from unit 105 .
- OVER VIEW
Liquids separated in the slug catchers ( 100-X-101 and 100-x-201 ) are sent respectively to the two condensate stabilisation units (one per phase).
The function of this unit is to remove the lightest components from the raw feed and to produce a liquid product , which after mixing with the from unit 105 , will give a stabilised condensate having a Reid Vapour pressure ( RVP ) of 10 psi in summer and 12 psi in winter .
The unit contains four main sections :
- Raw condensate preflash and Desalting .
- Condensate stabilisation .
- Offgas compression section .
- Stabilised condensate t0 storage .
UNIT 104 DEHYDRATION
- Pupose
The primary purpose of unit 104 is to remove water from the sweet gas feeding the Dew pointing and Mercaptans Removal unit ( unit 105 ) .
The Mercury Guard unit ( MGU ) . directly down stream of the dehydration unit , removes mercury from the dry sweet gas .
- OVER VIEW
Wet feed gas leaves the Gas treating unit ( unit 101 ) is removed by contact with MDEA and is sent for Dehydration and Mercury Removal in unit 104 .
Dehgdration and Mercury Removal unit for each of the 4 gas Treatment trains .
Each unit contains of 3 main sections :
- The Absorbtion section where the water from the wet gas is removed in a contactor by lean TEG .
- The Regeneration Section where the rich TEG is regenerated .
- The Mercury guard Reactor where the mercury is removed from the dry sweet gas using a non – regenerable packed adsorbtion bed .
UNIT 105 DEW POINTING AND MERCAPTANS REMOVAL
- Purpose
This document covers the process requirements of phase 2 , process Train 1 of the unit 105 , Dew pointing and Mercaptan Removal unit in detail : and applies to other unit 105 process Train of the phase 2 & phase 3 .
The gas is processed in unit 105 process trains to cope with the following main specifications after mixing with butanes from unit 114 :
- HC dew point of – at 55 barg .
- Mercaptans content of 15 mg/Nm3 max .
- OVER VIEW
After removal , subcooling and dehydration , the dry sweet gas is routed to the Dew pointing and Mercaptans Removal unit 105 , where the gas is processed to cope with the following main specifications after mixing with butanes from unit 114 .
These specifications require that the heavier hydro carbons and the major part of the mercaptans be removed from the gas prior to export.
The mercaptans content is the prevailing constraint and the prosess has been selected to deal with this specification .
Light mercaptans are separated with C3/C4 where as propyl mercaptans and heavier mercaptans are separated with .
The principle of this unit is to achieve the required mercaptan cotent of the lean gas by removal of butane and heaviers .
UNIT 106 EXPORT GAS COMPRESSION AND METERING
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 106 is to compress the treated gas from unit 105, Dew pointing and Mercaptans Removal unit , and deliver it to the export pipe line at a pressure of 89 barg .
- OVER VIEW
The lean gas from the unit 105 , is mixed with the butanes from unit 114 , LPG Treatment unit .
The streams are mixed in the butanes mixer , 106-M-101 .
The four treated gas streams together with the butanes enter a common suction manifold in unit 106 .
Unit 106 consists of three parallel compression trains of which two are operating and the third acts as a common spare .
The suction to the compressors is at approximately 60 barg .
UNIT 107 PROPANE REFRIGERATION
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 107 is to supply the cooling requirements for the Dewpointing and Mercaptans unit ( 105 ) .
- OVER VIEW
The cooling requirements of unit 105 are provided by a closed loop propane refrigerant cycle .
The refrigerant is provided at 3 temperature levels :
for the wet gas chiller , 105-E-102 .
for the Depropaniser condenser , 105-E-105 and for the Butanes cooler , 105-E-104 .
for the balancing heat load required by the cold box .
UNIT 108 SULPHUR RECOVERY
The purpose of Unit 108 is to recover the commercial liquid sulphur from acid gas streams produced in the amine regenerators from four gas treating trains and to produce a fuel gas rejected incinerator chimeny with content of less than 10 ppm.
4 sulphur Recovery units ( SRU) are provided for the 4 Gas Treatment trains .
The SRU’S process the acid gas ( mainly ) produced by the gas treating units 101 and are based on the CLAUS technology .
The sulphur recovery efficiency required is 95% .
Acid gases from two gas trains are combined and feed the acid gas K.O durm and are then split into two streams , each one feeding on SRU .
Each SRU can be devided into 4 sections .
- Claus section – to produce the sulphur from Acid gas by means of Reactor furnace and catalytic Reactors .
- Incineration section – to ensure remaining sulphur in tail gases are converted to prior release to atmosphere .
- LP steam and water systems – to produce LP steam from the claus section for export to the main LP steam header .
- Sulphure degassing and storage section – to remove excess from the liquid to commerical level of 10 ppm.
UNIT 109 SOUR WATER STRIPPING
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 109 is to remove sour gas from the sour water streams produced within the south pars processing units .
- OVER VIEW
The main continuous of source water to this unit is from unit 102 , MEG Regeneration and injection unit .
The unit is also designed to handle the following intermittent flows coming from .
- The condensate stabiliser reflux drum and side pot of unit 103 .
- The dehydration unit K.O.drum of unit 105 .
- The off spec chamber of the storm basin of unit 129 .
In addition , there is a stream coming from the Fuel Gas K.O.drums 122-D-101/102 , which is routed to the hydrocarbons side of 109-D-101/102 .
UNIT 114 LPG TREATMENT
- Purpose
The purpose of this unit is to remove the mercaptans in the LPG cut produced from the debutaniser ( 105-C-104 ) The sweet LPG is reinjected back into sales gas through . an off-site static Mixer ( 106-M-101/102 ).
- OVER VIEW
The version of the sulfrex process used here employs a caustic soda solution to extract the mercaptans from the LPG (95% butanes ) . After extraction of mercaptans and separation of the LPG from the caustic in a settler , the LPG goes through a sand filter to remove any remaining caustic solution/water , and it is then pumped to the export gas unit 106 .
The caustic solution is then regenerated by oxidation , using air .
The oxidation with use of a catalyst dissolved in the caustic solution changes the mercaptans into disulphides plus water . The disulphides are separated from the caustic solution , and pass through a sand filter before being sent to the DSO storage area ( 146 ) .
UNIT 120 ELECTRICAL GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
- Purpose
The purpose of this Electrical Generation and Distribution system is to provide electrical power to all electrical consumers of the south pars field phase 2 & 3 onshore facilities , from high Voltage consumers and stepwise down to 48v control systems .
The system architecture is such that back-up and emergency power supplies are also provided .
- OVER VIEW
The steam turbine driven generator is coupled and operated in parallel with 3 operating gas turbine generators to produce the electrical power to run the plant .
There is no electrical connection to an outside electrical source .
All the generators must be capable of running either individually or in parallel with others .
Two emergency load diesel generation sets are provided .
Each generator is capable of operation in isolation from the main generators , or in parallel with the main generators .
UNIT 121 STEAM GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 121 is to supply steam to all consumers within the phase 2 and 3 plant facilities .
Condensate from consumers is recovered and returned to unit 121 for reuse . Unit 121 also supplies cold condensate and boiler feed water to the plant .
- OVER VIEW
Superheated HP steam is generated Via four high pressure boilers 121-B-101 A/B/C/D , and is desuperheated to saturated HP and LP levels for plant consumption .
Super heated HP steam is also used to drive a steam turbine 120-GS-102 provides the majority of the saturated LP steam level for plant consumption .
At turndown conditions , LP steam is generated by the desuper heated only .
UNIT 122 FUEL GAS
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 122 is to supply fuel gas to all consumers within the phase 2 & 3 plant facilities .
Fuel gas is supplied at two pressures , HP Fuel gas for gas turbines , flare stack sweep gas , SRU and Various other Users , LP fuel gas for steam boilers and flare header sweep gas .
- OVER VIEW
Two pressure levels of fuel gas are supplied within the onshore treatment complex , high pressure and low pressure fuel gas .
During normal operation , fuel gas is fed to the fuel gas unit from the suction of the export gas compressors ( 106 ) .
The fuel gas is letdown to HP fuel gas operating pressure and is conditioned to product HP fuel gas .
Part of the HP fuel gas is letdown and conditioned to product LP fuel gas .
Flash gas from the MDEA , Gas sweeting unit ( 101 ) is fed to the gas unit and mixed with the LP fuel gas .
Start up/back up fuel gas imported from 1GAT3 gas pipeline is preheated before being let down to the HP fuel gas system .
UNIT 123 INSTRUMENT AND SERVICE AIR
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 123 instrument and service air system is to supply instrument and service air to all consumers within the plant facilities .
- OVER VIEW
Three sets of Air compressors packages ( 123-U-101 A/B/C ) , three air Drying packages ( 123-U-102 A/B/C ) , and two instrument air receivers ( 123-D-102 A/B ) , are integrated into a single unit of an instrument and utility air system .
Dried air is provided for both the instrument and service air distribution systems .
Wet compressed air is drawn from upstream of air dryers to feed to the Nitrogen generation package .
UNIT 124 NITROGEN
- Purpose
The purpose of the Nitrogen system , unit 124 , is to provide the facilities of phases 2 & 3 of the onshore treatment complex with a clean source of Nitrogen at the required design conditions of pressure and temprature for day to day plant operation .
- OVER VIEW
The Nitrogen generation unit consists of a cryogenic of a cryogenic plant liquid Nitrogen storage and a Vaporiser .
Nitrogen gas is required in the onshore treatment complex for the following uses .
- Purging of systems and equipment at startup and shut down .
- Blanketing of storage tank , sump drums , etc .
- Buffer gas for day seals of compressors and for mechanical seals of pumps .
- Inerting of equipment items prior to routing or emergency maintenance.
- Purging of analysers and other instrumentation .
- Flare stack sweeping .
UNIT 125 SEA WATER INTAKE AND OUTFALL
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 125 is to supply sea water to phases 2 & 3 plant facilities , where it is primarily used as a cooling medium for both process & utility units , and also to supply seawater to the seawater Desalination unit .
Further , unit 125 is also equipped to produce sodium hypochlorite solution which is used by .
Unit 125 itself and others within the onshore facilities .
- OVER VIEW
The seawater intake is located at the seaward side of the small Boatharbour’s break water .
The intake elevation is situated at approximately mid – depth .
In order to minimise the intake of sand/silt contamination from the sea bed and the intake of algae from the surface water .
The seawater is pumped by three seawater pumps ( 125-P-101 A/B/C) mounted in parallel .
Each seawater pump is installed in a separate bay .
All three pumps are piped into a common distribution manifold .
UNIT 126 SEA WATER DESALINATION
- Purpose
The purpose of the seawater Desalination system is to provide a clean source of Desalinated water at the required package design pressure and temperature to the following consumers :
Polishing water ( unit 127 )
- Desalinated water as feed to the polishing water package .
Fire water ( unit 130 )
- Desalinated water to fire water storage .
Cooling water make up ( unit 132 ) .
- Desalinated water to potable water storage .
Condensate stabilisation ( unit 103 )
- Desalinated water to condensate stabilisation unit .
- OVER VIEW
The main components of the Desalinated water system are a Thermocompression unit , Desalinated water stoarge , pumping & Distribution .
UNIT 127 POLISHING WATER PACKAGE
- Purpose
The purpose of polishing water system is to provide clean source of demineralised water at the correct design pressure and temperature values to the following consumers .
Boiler feed water
Demineralised water for boiler system .
Cleaning water
Demineralised water for cleaning water unit 106 & 120 .
- OVER VIEW
The main component of the polishing water unit is the Mixed Bed Exchanger and a polished water storage & Distribution system .
Dechlorination .
Befor passing through the mixed Bed desalinated water is dechlorinated by sodium bisulfite injection .
Demineraliser trains
- In normal operation , 2 * 100% mixed regenerable type bed exchangers installed in series will treat 100% of the design follow rate. When one filter is regenerated the second one carries on producing 100% of design follow rate .
- In exceptional operation the two mixed Bed will be operated to process 200% of the design desalinated follow rate ( ) and replace the dumped contaminated steam condensate .
UNIT 128 POTABLE WATER
- Purpose
The purpose of the potable water system , unit 128 is to provide phases 2 & 3 of the onshore processing facilities with both drinking water and water of suitable quality to be used throughout the plant as utility water .
- OVER VIEW
The desalinated water is treated to potable standards in a single treatment train .
Distribution pumps 128-P-101 A/B are 100% spared .
The filling of the potable water storage tank is an intermittent operation .
No spare dosing pump for minerals and chlorine injection are provided .
UNIT 129 WASTE EFFLUENTS DISPOSAL
- Purpose
The purpose of the waste effluent disposal , unit 129 is to collect and treat the various liquid waste effluents produced by phases 2 & 3 of the onshore gas processing facilities .
- OVER VIEW
Unit 129 includes three packages .
- Sanitary water treatment package 129-U-101
One single train is provided to treat 100% of designduty .
- Waste water and waste spent caustic soda neutralisation package 129-U-102 .
One single neutralisation tank is provided to continuously treat the chemical effluent .
Mechanical equipment provided is 100% spared except for the neutralisation tank and mixer .
- Oily water package 129-U-103 .
The oily water package is composed of 3 * 50% Apl channels followed by 2 * 60% flotation units .
All recovery pumps are 100% spared .
UNIT 130 FIRE WATER
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 130 is to provide fire water at the required pressure and flow rate to firewater system outlets , as a means of fire fighting and cooling of equipment , for the south pars field phase 2 & 3 onshore facilities .
- OVER VIEW
The fire water system consits of :
- One fire water tank .
- Three fire water pumps (one electrically driven and two diesel driven).
- Two Jockey pumps .
- Fire water mains .
UNIT 131 DIESEL STORAGE & EMERGENCY GENERATIORS
- Purpose
The purpose of the Diesel system ( unit 131 ) is to provide the onshore treatment complex facilities of phases 2 & 3 with a supply of liquid fuel .
It is primarily used for both diesel driven firewater pumps and also to supply the phases 2 & 3 emergency electrical generators .
- OVER VIEW
Only one Diesel system unit is provided within the phases 2 & 3 on shore treatment complex .
The diesel system supplies diesel to users inside the battery limit and outside the battery limit .
Diesel requirements for other users located outside the battery limit such as administration buildings , workshop , etc , isn’t coverd by this diesel system .
UNIT 132 COOLING WATER
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 132 is to provide cooling water to all users of phases 2 & 3 . cooling water is used :
- To cool rotating machine mechanical seals and bearing of rotating machinery .
- To cool potable water .
- To cool caustic soda solution during dilution operation .
- For sampling purposes .
- OVER VIEW
Cooling water circulates in a closed loop circuit from unit 132 to users throughout the plant .
The loop equipment cooling water system consists of :
- One pressurised cooling water expansion drum , 132-p-101 .
- Two cooling water pumps , 132-p-101 A/B .
- Two cooling water refrigerant packages , 132-U-101 A/B .
UNIT 140 FLARS & BLOW DOWN
- Purpose
The purpose of flare system unit 140 during normal operations is to collect hydrocarbon gas that vents from the process facilities of phases 2 & 3 .
In addition , the flare system collects hydrocarbon gases released from relief valves during upset conditions , process from relief valves during upset conditions , process venting during start-up , and blow down gas during normal shut down and emergency conditions .
- OVER VIEW
Flare system comprises separate HP , LP , MP flare system .
Gas relief & blow down flare systems are divided according to the upstream process operating pressure , gas properties and safety relieving pressure .
Both the HP flare and the Acid MP flare accommodate “Wet” and “Dry” hydrocarbon gases Via separate supply flare Headers .
UNIT 141 UTILITIES AND OFFSITE DRAINS
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 141 is to collect and receive hydrocarbon drain liquids from equipment and level instruments in the
- OVER VIEW
The hydrocarbon drain liquids from the equipment and level instruments in the offsite units 140 and 142 are collected in a utilities and offsite Drain Drum , Via a pipework connection and collection header .
The hazardous vapour released from the drain drum is sent to the sour flare and the hydrocarbon liquid is routed either to the liquid Burner or the off – spec condensate storage Tank .
UNIT 142 BURN PIT
- Purpose
The purpose of the burn pit system is for collection of waste liquid inventory collected in sump drum , flare K.O.drum and disposal by means of burning the liquid .
- OVER VIEW
The Burn pit system consists of the HC liquid Burner Feed Drum 142 – D – 101 , the HC liquid Burner feed pump 142 – P – 101 , the liquid Burner feed Drum water pum 142 – P – 102 and the wet liquid Burner package 142 – x – 101 .
- HC liquid Burner feed Drum ( 142-D-101 ) : The feed drum is a three phase separator .
- HC liquid Burner feed pump ( 142-P-101 ) : The pump capacity is . The pump capacity allows the transfer of the total holding volume of 142-D-101 in about one and half hours .
- Wet liquid Burner package ( 142-X-101 ) : The Burner package capacity is . The package is designed for keeping a flame in the liquid burner even when a total water stream or hydrocarbon flow with water is sent to liquid burner .
UNIT 143 CONDENSATE STORAGE & EXPORT
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 143 is to provide a sufficient liquid storage capacity with which to store stabilised condensate before shipping to the phase 1 facilities for tanker loading .
This unit also serves to store the off specification condensate , and recoverd liquid hydrocarbons , before it is recycle to the condensate stabilisation trains of unit 103 .
- OVER VIEW
The condensate leaving the stabilisation unit is sent , under level control , to the tank farm area through the degassing drum 103 – D – 106 by means of the stabilised condensate export pumps 103 – P – 103 A/B .
When the condencate doesnot meet product specifications , the flashed liquid phase is reprocessed to the stabilisation column .
For this purpose , the off spec condensate is pumped by means of 103–P–103 A/B and sent under level control from the degassing drum 103 – D – 106 to the off spec condensate storage tank .
UNIT 144 SULPHUR STORAGE AND SOLIDIFICATION
- Purpose
The purpose of this unit (144) is to store liquid sulphur received from the sulphur Recovery unit and carry out sulphur solidification to produce solid sulphur in granular form for export .
- OVER VIEW
The liquid sulphur from the sulphur Recovery unit 108 is stored in a liquid sulphur storage tank .
The liquid sulphur from the storage tank is sent to sulphur solidification unit to produce solid sulphur granules , by the Enersut / Procor Granulation process .
The sulphur storage and solidification unit comprises the following items:
- Storage facilities of the liquid sulphur produced by the sulphur Recovery unit 108 .
- Liquid sulphur filteration and pumping facilities .
- Solid sulphur conveying systems .
- Silos for solid sulphur storage , with truck loading facilities for solid sulphur export .
UNIT 145 PROPANE REFRIGERANT STORAGE
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 145 is to provide temporary storage of propane refrigerant and to provide the make up requirements of four refrigeration trains of unit 107 .
Unit 145 also provides holdup Volume to allow the emptying of two of the four refrigeration trains in case of scheduled maintenance periods .
- OVER VIEW
Fresh propane is supplied by external tank trucks .
The unloading is done in a dedicated area where facilities are provided to connect the supply truck to the propane refrigerant storage bymeans of flexible hoses .
Fresh propane make up is direct to the refrigeration units of unit 107 when required . The inventory of two refrigeration trains is transferred by pumps within unit 107 to the propane refrigerant storage unit through a propane dryer package within unit 145 .
UNIT 146 CHEMICALS STORAGE
- Purpose
The purpose of unit 146 is to provide temporary storage of the chemicals used by the process and utility units of the plant and hence , to supply the chemical make up requirement to this units as and when required .
The chemicals storage area consists of six independent storage system ensuring the make up requirements in the process and utility units of phase 2 & phase 3, or providing a hold up volume for the product storage.
- OVER VIEW
Fresh chemicals are supplied to unit 146 by external tank trucks . The unloading is done in dedicated unloading areas where facilities provide to connect the individual supply trucks to the Various chemical storage facilities by means of flexible hoses .
The DSO storage facility is provided with a dedicated loading area , where by DSO can be loaded onto trucks and taken off the site .
Al together , unit 146 includes six separate chemical storage systems .
دوره آموزش تخصصي مكانيك از تاريخ 13/12/79 در هتل فولادشهر آغازشدكه دوره شامل دروس تئوري – دروش عملي ( در ذوب آهن اصفهان ) – بازديد از مراكز صنعتي و قسمتهاي مختلف ذوب آهن – بازديد از ايستگاه تقويت فشار گاز دوراهان ( استان چهارمحال بختياري ) بود .
دروس تئوري تدريس شده ، دروس عملي و بازديد ها به صورت كلي عبارتند از :
- v دروس تئوري : 3 رور در هفته
زبان عمومي – زبان تخصصي – كامپيوتر – تعمير ونگهداري – آشنايي و مهارت با دستگاهها و تجهيزات صنعتي – آشنايي با مواد مصرفي ( روغنها – واشرها و … ) – انواع روغنها و موارد استفاده از آنها – دروس تئوري اره كاري ، سوهان كاري ، سنگ زدن ، قلم كاري ، خرينه كاري ، خم كاري ، برشكاري ، جوشكاري ، شابرزدن ، مته كاري ،برقوكاري ، اندازه گيري با كوليس و ميكرومتر و ساعت اندازه گير – ايمني – PFD – P & I D – مكانيك عمومي – مبدل هاي حرارتي – نصب تجهيزات – ارتعاش دستگاهها – عدم تعادل در دستگاهها – تعمير ونگهداري شيرهاي صنعتي – كلاس بندي فلانچها و شيرهاي صنعتي – توربين گاز – پمپ ها و كمپرسورهاي گريز از مركز و رفت و برگشتي – آشنايي با لوازم و تجهيزات بالا برنده – Alignment و …
- v دروس عملي : 2 روز در هفته
دوره هاي عملي در طول اين دوره در كارگاههاي ذوب آهن اصفهان انجام رسيد كه شامل :
سوهان كاري – اره كاري – قلاريزكاري – حديده كاري – برقوكاري – تراشكاري – برشكاري – سنگ زدن – شابركاري – خرينه كاري – مته كاري ، اندازه گيري باكوليس ، ميكرومتر و ساعت اندازه گير – واشربري – تعميرشيرهاي صنعتي وكلاس عملي كامپيوتر ( در مُتل فولادشهر ) بودند .
- v بازديدهاي انجام شده :
بازديد از كارگاه تعميرات جرثقيل ها و سيم بكسل ها – بازديد از كارخانه نورد ميل گرد و تيرآهن – بازديد از آزمايشگاههاي تست مخرب و غير مخرب – بازديد از كمپرسورهاي هوا – توربين بخار ( نحوه دمونتاژ كردن آن ) بازديد از كارگاه تعمير شيرهاي صنعتي – بازديد از نيروگاه اكسيژن و اتاق كنترل آن – بازديد از كمپرسورهاي رفت و برگشتي واحد اكسيژن .
– ضمناً در طول اين دوره از تاريخ 4/4/80 تا 12/4/80 بازديدي از نحوة دمونتاژ و مونتاژ توربين گازي در ايستگاه دوراهان به عمل آمد كه از جمله آشنايي با تمام قسمتهاي اصلي توربين گاز و متعلقات آن ، سيستم هيدروليك و روغن كاري آن ، آشنايي با راه اندازي آن و اتاق كنترل ، اندازه گيري لقي بين قسمت هاي مختلف توربين گاز ( blades , casing ) و ( Bearings , Rotor , Casing ) – آشنايي با محفظه احتراق توربين – پاليش كردن روتور براي آب بندي بهتر – آشنايي با قسمتهاي مختلف فيلتر هوا و … صورت گرفت كه مشخصات توربين گاز و كمپرسورارسال گاز آن به صورت زير است :
Gas turbine
Type : GTK – 10 – 3 SER. NO : 537 year 1972
Power output : 10000 KW
Rotation speed of power shaft : 4800 RPM
At : Ambient Temperature +
Atmospheric pressure : 760 mm of M.G
Made in usUSSR
Compressor
Type : 260 – 13 – 1 SER. NO : 4256 year 1972
Out put at and 760 mm M.G
Final pressure not more : 735 ATM . ABS
Max . speed : 5000 RPM
Made in USSR
دوره تخصص مكانيك در تاريخ 11/5/80 به پايان رسيد ، اكنون درمورد دروس تدريس شده به تفكيك درباره هركدام توضيحي بيان شده است :
پالايشگاه گاز شهيد هاشمي نژاد
پالايشگاه گاز شهيد هاشمي نژاد كه در نوع خود يكي از بزرگترين پالايشگاههاي گازي محسوب مي گردد در 45 كيلومتري سرخس و 165 كيلومتري مشهد در شمال شرق استان خراسان قرار گرفته است .
مساحت پالايشگاه برابر 100 هكتار بوده و عمليات ساختماني آن با هدف تأمين گاز سوخت بزرگترين نيروگاه كشور ( نكاء ) و گازرساني به استانهاي خراسان و مازندران در سال 1356 شروع و در تاريخ 22/11/1362 به بهره برداري رسيد .
اين پالايشگاه كه براي پالايش گازهاي ترش منابع و مخازن مستقل گازي منطقه خان گيران پيش بيني شده است ، در حال حاضر از 3 واحد تصفيه گاز به ظرفيت حداكثر 21 ميليون مترمكعب در روز (قابل توسعه تا 5 واحد ) كه معادل ارزش حرارتي تقريباً 140 هزاربشكه نفت مي باشد و 2 واحد بازيافت گوگرد (قابل توسعه تا 3 واحد ) به ظرفيت 1300 تن در روز و 2 واحد تثبيت مايعات گازي و يك واحد احياي آب ترش و ديگر تأسيسات جانبي تشكيل شده است .
خوراك اين پالايشگاه از چاههاي منطقه مزدوران تأمين مي گردد كه پس از جمع آوري و آماده سازي اوليه به پالايشگاه تحويل و با گاز شيرين حاصل از منطقه گنبدلي تواماَ به خط لوله سرخس نكاء تزريق و وارد مدار شبكه خطوط لوله مي گردد .
علاوه بر گازهاي بدست آمده از منابع ذكر شده گازشيرين ذخائر شوريجه هم بعد از نم زدايي از طريق خط لوله كه براي انتقال آن به مشهد كشيده شده است در مدار مصرف قرار مي گيرد ، گوگرد حاصل از فرآيند پالايش گاز در بازار داخلي و خارجي فروخته مي شود و از مايعات استحصالي براي مصرف داخلي مورد استفاده قرار مي گيرند .
گازهاي توليد شده از چاههاي گاز ترش منطقه بعد از استخراج ، كنترل و جمع آوري و آماده سازي اوليه به وسيله خط لوله به پالايشگاه تحويل مي شود .
گازهاي شيرين چاههاي شوريجه و گنبدلي در مراكز نم زدايي وارد برج رطوبت گير شده و با عبور از آن طي فرآيند ويژه اي خشك و به خط لوله تزريق مي شود .
آب مورد نياز پالايشگاه و شهرك شهيد مهاجر از 4 حلقه چاه عميق در تصفيه خانه اي با ظرفيت 580 مترمكعب در ساعت تأمين مي شود و برق پالايشگاه و شهرك به وسيله 4 ژنراتور كه نيروي محركه 3 واحد
از آنها توربين گازي و يك واحد توربين بخار است و ظرفيت هر يك ازآنها 7500 كيلووات ساعت ( جمعاً معادل 30 مگاوات ) مي باشد تأمين مي گردد .
براي موارد اضطراري هم يك دستگاه ژنراتور ديزلي به ظرفيت 5/1 مگاوات پيش بيني شده است . بخار مورد نياز پالايشگاه توسط 4 واحد ديگ بخار جهت تأمين 360 تن در ساعت بخار فشار قوي و 2 واحد ديگ بخار با ظرفيت 150 تن در ساعت بخار فشار متوسط توليد و تأمين مي گردد .
آزمايشگاه پالايشگاه وظيفه كنترل ناخالصي ها و نظارت دقيق بركميت و كيفيت گاز و مواد مصرفي توليدي پالايشگاه را برعهده دارد و مسئولين اتاق كنترل با مراقبت دائمي روند فعاليت پالايشگاه را در جهت كنترل ، تنظيم و هدايت زير نظر دارند .
تعميرات اساسي در پالايشگاه از جمله مسئوليتهاي كارگاه مركزي است كه با تأمين قطعات يدكي از طريق انبار پالايشگاه ، نگهداري دستگاهها ، ماشين آلات و تأسيسات را به انجام مي رسانند .
- دوره زبان انگيسي عمومي در محمودآباد از تاريخ 28/3/79 آغاز شد . اين دوره شامل آموزش زبان عمومي انگليسي ازكتابهاي HEAD WAY بود كه در دو بخش ELEMENTARY , PRE – INTERMEDIATE تدريس شد كه عناوين مطالب تدريس شده عبارتند از : درك مطلب – گرامر ( دستور زبان ) – مكالمات روزمره انگليسي – تمرين گوش دادن به مكالمات انگليسي از روي نوار – تمرين مكالمه هاي روزمره در سر كلاس – تماشاي فيلم هاي ويدئويي مربوط به كتاب ويدئو اين دوره در تاريخ 24/6/79 پس از 320 ساعت كلاس تئوري به پايان رسيد .
اكنون به ذكر پاره اي از جزئيات تدريس شده در طول اين دوره مي پردازيم :
- v دستورزبان انگليسي : ( Grammer ) در بخش مقدماتي
افعال to be – صفات ملكي – افعال پرسشي to be – زمان حال ساده ( سوم شخص و زمانهاي ديگر ) – حروف تعريف – كاربرد There is / are – حروف اضافة مكانها – كاربرد some, any – كاربرد can / cann’t – كاربرد was / were / could – زمان گذشته ساده ( افعال بي قاعده و باقاعده ) – بيان زمان – كاربرد like , would like – صفات برتر – صفات عالي – كاربرد have / have got – زمان حال استمراري – زمان آينده going to – كاربرد شكل ساده فعل – قيدها – زمان حال كامل با Yet / Just , ever / never – كاربرد say / tell و …
- v درك مطلب در بخش مقدماتي :
اسامي كشورها – استفاده ازفرهنگ لغات دوزبانه – موضوعات روزمره – روابط خانوادگي – صفات متضاد – شغل ها – اوقات فراغت ( كاربرد play / go ) – چيزهاي داخل خانه ( مكانها – افراد – خوراكها – نوشيدنيها ) – مهارت وتوانايي ها – كلمات باتلفظ يكسان – كلمات باحروف بي صدا – غذاها و نوشيدنيهاي مغازه – خريدكردن . كلمات مربوط به شهرهاوكشورها – توضيح درباره افراد ( لباسها – رنگها ) – كلمات هم قافيه – آب وهوا – گفتگوي درباره يك كتاب و … وفعلهاي چند قسمتي .
- v مكالمات روزمره انگليسي در بخش مقدماتي :
حروف الفباء – مكالمه در يك كافي شاپ – زمان – مكالمات اجتماعي – جهت يابي و آدرسها – درفرودگاه – فرصت هاي ويژه – ترتيب ها – تاريخها – دريك هتل – در مغازه لباس فروشي – نحوه پيشنهاد دادن – تلفن ها و …
- v دستورزبان انگليسي در بخش PER – INTERMEDIATE
زمان گذشته كامل – حالات سؤالي زمان حال استمراري – زمان حال ساده – have / have got – زمان گذشته ساده و گذشته استمراري – بيان مقادير و حروف تعريف – الگوي فعل هاي will / going to – صفات برتر وعالي – زمان حال ساده كامل (1) – كاربرد have to / should – كاربرد will
شرطي نوع اول – كاربرد used to و حالت سؤالي آن – مجهول – الگوي افعال ( شكل ساده فعل بعد از صفات ) .
شرطي نوع دوم – كاربرد Might – زمان حال ساده كامل (2) .
درك مطلب بخش PRE – INTERMEDIATE
حيوانات – كلمات با بيش از يك معني – شبكه هاي درك مطلب – افعال بي قاعده و حروف اضافه كه با هم مي آيند . لباس ها ، خوراكها – حرفه ( شغل ) – آموزش و يادگيري كلمات هم خانواده – كلمات متشابه – كلمات متضاد – تلفن ها – كاربرد Make / do – مسافرت با قطار و هواپيما – لغات مؤنث و مذكر – افعال و اسم هايي كه با هم مي آيند – قيدها – كاربرد ed / ing – كلمات چند بخشي – فشارواسترس برروي حروف – حدس زدن درباره معاني كلمات شناخته نشده – كاربرد take / bring – كاربرد go / came .
مكالمات روزمره انگليسي در بخش PRE – INTERMEDIATE
انگليسي اجتماعي – اعداد و قيمت ها – بيان زمان – درخواست مؤدبانه و دستور – هجي كردن كلمات – جهت يابي – جوابهاي كوتاه – قبول يا عدم قبول دعوت – سفر – برچسبهاي اطلاعي – زمان تعابير اجتماعلي – تلفن ها – گفتن خداحافظي .
كمپرسروها
كمپرسوردستگاهي است كه هواي جو را از يك حجم بزرگتر مكيده و در يك حجم كوچكتر فشرده مي كند .
انواع كمپرسور :
الف ) كمپرسورهاي رفت و برگشتي Recip rocating compressors
ب ) كمپرسورهاي دوار Rotary compressors
ج ) كمپرسورهاي گريز از مركز Centrifugal compressors
كمپرسورهاي رفت و برگشتي :
كمپرسور رفت و برگشتي مانند پمپ رفت و برگشتي ماشيني است كه در آن پيستوني در سيلندر رفت و آمد نموده و عمل انتقال و فشردن گازها را انجام مي دهد . سوپاپهاي يك طرفه هميشه حركت هوا يا گاز را از لوله مكش به لوله فشار تضمين مي كنند و مانع برگشت آنها مي شوند .
طرز كار كمپرسورهاي رفت و برگشتي
الف |
كمپرسور يك ضربه
كمپرسوردو ضربه |
Single Acting
Double Acting |
ب |
كمپرسوريك مرحله اي
كمپرسورچندمرحله اي |
Single stage
Multi stage |
||||||
ج |
كمپرسورعمودي
كمپرسورافقي كمپرسورمايل |
Vertical
Horizontal Oblique |
د |
كمپرسورهائيكه باهواخنك مي شوند
كمپرسورهائيكه باآب خنك مي شوند |
Air cooling
Water cooling |
كمپرسوريك ضربه :
دركمپرسور يك ضربه عمل فشردن فقط در يك طرف سيلندر انجام مي گيرد .
كمپرسور دو ضربه :
در اين نوع كمپرسور عمل فشردن هوا در هر دو انتهاي سيلندر انجام مي گيرد .
كمپرسور يك مرحله اي :
در اين دستگاه هوا فقط يك بار در سيلندر فشرده مي شود .
كمپرسور چند مرحله اي :
در صورتي كه بخواهيم هوا را بيشتر از حدود 100 پوند براينچ مربع فشرده كنيم از كمپرسورهاي چند مرحله اي استفاده مي كنيم . بدين طريق كه هوا پس از فشرده شدن در مرحله اول به مرحله دوم و اگر كمپرسور سه يا چهار مرحله اي باشد به ترتيب به مرحله هاي سوم و چهارم هدايت مي شود . هواي فشرده پس ازعبوراز هر يك از طبقات و قبل از ورود به مرحله بعدي به وسيله دستگاه خنك كننده خنك مي شود .
كمپرسور عمودي :
در اين نوع كمپرسور پيستون آن در يك سطح عمودي متناوباً بالا و پائين مي رود .
كمپرسور افقي :
در اين نوع كمپرسور پيستون آن در يك سطح افقي متناوباً عقب و جلو مي شود .
كمپرسور مايل :
اين نوع كمپرسور معمولاً داراي چند پيستون است كه حركت آنها نسبت به يكديگر زاويه داراست .
كمپرسوري كه با آب خنك مي شود :
كمپرسوري كه با آب خنك مي شودسيلندر آن دوجداره است موقع كاركردن جرياني از آب خنك بين جداره هاي آن عبور كرده و حرارتي كه در سيلندر به وجود مي آيد همراه جريان آب تقريباً دفع مي گردد .
كمپرسوري كه با هوا خنك مي شود :
اين نوع كمپرسور به وسيله جريان هوا خنك مي شود و هرچه سطح هادي گرما زيادتر در معرض هوا قرار گيرد زودتر خنك مي شود براي اين منظور سطوح خارجي سيلندرهاي آن داراي پره هاي متعددي است تا سطح تماس آن با هوا افزوده شود .
اجزاي يك كمپرسور رفت و برگشتي :
بدنه Casing
بدنه كمپرسور بايد مقاومت زيادي داشته باشد و بدين جهت آنرا از فلز سخت و محكم مي سازند و در كمپرسورها با فشار مختلف به شكل هاي گوناگون ساخته مي شود .
پيستون Piston
پيستونها بسته به اندازه و نوع و سيلندرها از چدن يا آلياژهاي مختلف فولاد ساخته شده دو يا چند رينگ چدني يا جنسي ديگر كه توسط سازنده توصيه مي شود پيستون را به ديواره سيلندر مي چسباند و مايع نفوذ گاز فشرده مي شود . انواع پيستون ممكن است مسطح – منحني و يا مخروطي باشند كه بستگي به طرز قرارگرفتن پيستون ها در سيلندر دارد .
شاتون Piston Rod
شاتون قطعه ايست كه پيستون را به ميل لنگ ، متصل مي كند و حركت دوراني ميل لنگ به وسيله آن منتقل و تبديل به حركت رفت و آمدي پيستون مي گردد ، طول شاتون در هر كمپرسور 2 تا برابر طول حركت پيستون است .
ميل لنگ Crank Shaft
ميل لنگ قسمتي از كمرسور است كه به طور مستقيم يا غير مستقيم به نيروي محرك متصل مي گردد و حركت دوراني آن باعث حركت تناوبي پيستون مي شود .
سيلندر Cylinder
سيلندر استوانه اي است توخالي كه پيستون درون آن حركت مي كند محل حركت پيستون صاف و صيقلي است . در بعضي از كمپرسورها اين استوانه از بدنه قابل جداشدن است و در بعضي با بدنه يكپارچه است .
ياتاقانها Bearings
دركمپرسورها ياتاقانهاي گلوله اي ، استوانه اي و بوشي به كار مي روند كه عموماً شاتون را به وسيله ياتاقان بوشي به ميل لنگ متصل مي كند .
سوپاپ هاي كمپرسور Compressor Valves
سوپاپ ها يا دريچه هاي ورودي و خروجي هوا در كمپرسور پر اهميت ترين قسمت آن مي باشد انواع مختلفي از اين سوپاپهاي ورودي و خروجي دارد ولي همه آنها بر يك اصل مشابه كار مي كنند اختلاف فشار در دو طرف اين دريچه باعث مي شود كه نوارهاي خم پذير فلزي يا ورقه هاي نازك روي تعدادي مجاري مستطيل شكل چسبيده يا كنار مي روند و در نتيجه راه براي عبور گاز يا هوا باز مي شود .
انواع سوپاپهاي كمپرسورها
الف ) سوپاپهاي انگشتي :
اين سوپاپها مخصوص كمپرسورهاي كوچك هستند كه در كارخانجات كوچك نصب مي شوند ، اين نوع سوپاپ به شكل نوار باريكي است كه از يك سر محكم به نشيمنگاه سوپاپ وصل است و سر ديگر آن آزاد و قابل ارتجاع مي باشد
ب ) سوپاپهاي پره اي :
اين نوع سوپاپ تيغه اي است از فولاد زنگ نزن كه درموقع بسته شدن روي يك شكاف كوچكتري در نشيمنگاه سوپاپ مي چسبد و در موقع بازشدن در حفره بزرگتري كه در روپوش است قرار مي گيرد تا فضاي نسبتاً زيادي براي ورود و خروج هوا ايجاد نمايد اين سوپاپ از 3 قسمت تشكيل شده است .
1- سوپاپ 2- نشيمنگاه سوپاپ 3- روپوش سوپاپ
ج ) سوپاپهاي صفحه اي :
اين سيستم سوپاپ داراي انواع گوناگوني است كه از نظر كلي زياد با هم تفاوت ندارند يك نوع آن كه در اينجا ذكر مي شود تشكيل شده است از يك صفحه فولادي كه داراي شكافهاي مخصوصي است و روي صفحه نشيمنگاه به وسيله صفحه اي نگهداري مي شود . صفحه داراي پره هايي است به صورت فنر كه در موقع باز شدن سوپاپ صفحه سوپاپ به طرف آنها فشرده مي شود و راهي براي عبور باز مي كند در موقع بسته شدن سوپاپ ، برگشت اين صفحه را تسهيل مي نمايد .
روغنكاري كمپرسورهاي رفت و برگشتي :
به دو صورت انجام مي گيرد 1 – روغنكاري پرتابي 2- روغنكاري فشاري
روغنكاري پرتابي :
در اين سيستم روغنكاري انتهاي زيرين ياتاقان دسته پيستون قاشقكي تعبيه شده است كه وارد روغن مي شود و در هر چرخش ميل لنگ در روغن درون كارتر فرورفته ضمن بالا آمدن مقداري روغن را به اطراف مي پاشد .
روغنكاري فشاري :
در اين سيستم روغنكاري درون كارتر ، پمپي نصب شده است كه بوسيله ميل لنگ به گردش درآمده و روغن را با فشار از كارتر به نقاط مورد لزوم كمپرسور انتقال مي دهد . اين نوع روغنكاري متداولترين روش روغنكاري كمپرسورهاست .
خنك كردن هواي فشرده و كمپرسور :
هوا در اثر فشرده شدن گرم مي شود و اين گرما علاوه بر آنكه حجم هوا را زياد مي كند ، چنانچه بخواهيم در مراحل بعدي هم آنرا فشرده كنيم توليد گرماي بيشتري در محوطه سيلندر نموده و در نتيجه مشكلات زيادي به وجود مي آورد . لذا به منظور سرد نمودن هواي فشرده و كمپرسور دستگاهي به كار مي رود به نام دستگاه خنك كننده . كه يك نمونه از آن دستگاهي است كه تعدادي لوله مربوط به هم درون ظرف استوانه اي قرار گرفته است . حال چنانچه از داخل لوله ها آب سرد و از اطراف آن هواي گرم عبور دهيم در اثر تبادل حرارت بين هواي گرم و آب سرد ، هواي گرم خنك شده و آب سرد گرم مي شود . معمولا آب گرم را به وسيله پمپي به رادياتور برده و پس از سرد شدن دوباره عمل فوق تكرار مي شود .
هيدروتست :
هدف از انجام هيدروتست آزمايش كيفي نقاط جوش و فلنجهاي لوله پس از اتمام عمليات فني و ساختماني مي باشد .
- v مراتب انجام هيدروتست :
- تست ( Package ) را در كارگاه چك كرده و لوازم موقتي مورد نياز را آماده كنيد .
- ( blind) موقت را نصب كنيد .
- آب را وارد لوله كرده و با استفاده از ( Vent ) هواي اضافي را خارج نمائيد .
- دستگاهها و لوازم مورد نياز تست را آماده كنيد .
- به بخشهاي Commissioning / QC اطلاع دهيد .
- انجام تست همراه با نظارت total / QC .
- خارج كردن آب از درون لوله و خشك كردن آن توسط هوا .
- v نكات مهم قبل از انجام هيدروتست :
- كليه پيچها و واشرهاي دائم نيز بايد در اتصالات فلنج نصب شوند تا آنها نيز مورد تست قرار گيرند ( بجز اتصالات موقت مانند blind ) .
- بعضي از اتصالات و فلنجها ممكن است به خاطر نصب blind از روي line باز شوند . در چنين حالتي كليه وسايل باز شده بايد در مكان مشخص نگهداري شود و بايد از آنها مراقبت نمود .
- اگر براي انجام تست نياز به blind موقت باشد ضخامت آن بايد برابر با فلنج اصلي باشد .
- براي حمل آب هميشه از بشكه هاي پلاستيكي استفاده نمائيد .
- پس از خشك كردن لوله توسط جريان هوا كليه فلنجها بايد توسط ورقه هاي پلاستيكي پوشيده شوند .
- v نكات ايمني :
- هميشه جهت خروج آب از شيرها آنها را مخالف جهت اپراتور دستگاه قرار دهيد .
- مقدار فشار شير ايمني بايد يك و نيم برابر فشار تست باشد .
- قبل از اعمال فشار به لوله بايد نوار خطر و تابلوهاي هشدار دهنده را در محل تست نصب كنيد .
- هميشه عملياتهاي ديگري مانند برقكاري ، جوشكاري و غيره در نزديكي محل تست انجام ميشوند ، مراقب باشيد به هنگام خروج آب از لوله به آنها آسيبي نرسد .
دوره ( Ojt ) اول در پالايشگاه گاز بيدبلند به منظور آشنايي عمومي با واحدهاي اين پالايشگاه از تاريخ 8/11/79 تا 3/12/79 صورت گرفت كه اين دوره شامل مكانيك – ابزاردقيق – بهره برداري – برق –ايمني – بازرسي فني و لجستيك بوده است كه طبق برنامه زمان بندي شده هر يك از اين رشته ها تقريباً در 4 روز انجام پذيرفت كه در هر رشته با موارد زير آشنا شده ايم .
- مكانيك : آشنايي با پمپ ها – كمپرسورها – توربين هاي گاز و بخار – انواع شيرهاي صنعتي – Steam traps و انواع Strainer .
- ابزاردقيق : آشنايي با Pressure Measurement – Flowmeasurement –
liquid level Measurement – Temperature Measurement –
Control Valve and Accessories .
- بهره برداري ( Process ) : آشنايي با
Slug catcher – Gas sweeting – Refrigerationunit – Flare & Burn pit
Glycol Regeneration Unit – Solid bed Adsorption – Boiler – Furnace – Water and Effluent Treatment – Laboratory
- برق و الكتريسيته : آشنايي با ترانسفورماتورهاي الكتريكي – طبقه بندي مناطق خطرناك – كابلهاي برق و كنترل و ابزاردقيق – ايستگاههاي تقسيم برق – وسايل اندازه گيري الكتريسيته – سيستم UPS – سيستم اعلام خطر آتش و گاز – سيستم ارت – سيستم روشنايي و ضد رعدوبرق – سيستم حفاظت كاتدي .
- ايمني و آتش نشاني : آشنايي با چارت اداره كننده ايمني – تست گاز – گزارش حادثه – مجوز كار (مجوز كارسرد و كارگرم) – طبقه بندي آتش ها – الكتريسيته ساكن – وسايل حفاظت شخص .
مقدمه :
از سال 1287 كه اولين چاه نفت در مسجدسليمان مورد بهره برداري قرار گرفت تا 25 آذرماه 1350 كه پالايشگاه گاز بيدبلند رسماً افتتاح گرديد ، مدت 63 سال گازي كه همراه نفت به دست ميآمد ، مي سوخت و از اين رهگذر سالانه مقادير هنگفتي از ثروت مملكت ما دود مي شد و به هوا مي رفت و تنها حدود 3 درصد آن به مصرف مي رسيد ، مقدار گاز هدر رفته ظرف مدت يادشده معادل ارزش حرارتي كل محصول پالايشگاه آبادان در عرض 7 سال بود .
هدف از تأسيس خطوط لوله ، ايستگاههاي تقويت فشارگاز و پالايشگاه گاز بيدبلند :
بدنبال اعلام موجوديت شركت ملي نفت ايران در سال 1344 ، طبق موافقتنامه اي كه بين ايران و شوروي به امضاء رسيد مقرر شد گاز حاصله از منابع نفت جنوب علاوه بر تأمين نياز كشور به شوروي فروخته شود و در عوض شوروي نسبت به تأسيس كارخانه ذوب آهن در ايران اقدام نمايد .
پالايشگاه گاز بيدبلند كه در مركزثقل منابع نفتي جنوب قرار گرفته و مساحتي معادل 85 هكتار را اشغال نموده ، كار ساختماني آن ار مهرماه 1347 شروع و در مهرماه 1349 خاتمه پذيرفت ، در آن زمان يكي از مدرن ترين پالايشگاههاي گاز دنيا به شمار مي رفت ، جهت پالايش گازهاي اسيدي و همچنين نم زدايي ، طراحي و ساخته شده است .
تأسيساتي كه در محوطه و در جوار پالايشگاه قرار گرفته اند به قرار زيرند :
5 واحد تصفيه گاز ، 5 واحد ديگ بخار ،يك واحد تصفيه آب صنعتي ، يك برج خنك كننده ، ايستگاه تقويت فشارگاز شهيد كاوه پيشه ،مركز كنترل و ارسال گاز ، تلمبه خانه شهيد اسكندري ، تصفيه آب شهيد پرخيده ، نيروگاه برق كه از برق شبكه آب و برق خوزستان تغذيه مي شود ، كارخانه بازيافت گوگرد ، آزمايشگاه ، كارگاههاي تعميراتي ، انبار ، كلينيك ، اداره مركزي ، آتش نشاني و نم زدايي .
لازم به ذكر است كه بعضي از تأسيسات از قبيل كارخانه بازيافت گوگرد براثر بمباران در جنگ تحميلي و برخي ديگر مانند ديگهاي بخار به مرورزمان ( 3 عدد ) از بين رفته اند .
روش تصفيه گازهاي اسيدي در پالايشگاه بيدبلند :
در اين پالايشگاه براي زدودن ناخالصيها از محلول %15 وزني مونو اتانول آمين و %85 آب مقطر كه در درجه حرارت معمولي ( 38 درجه سانتي گراد ) گازهاي اسيدي را جذب و در دماي بالاتري (حدود 115 درجه سانتي گراد ) دفع مي نمايد ، استفاده مي شود .
براي شيرين كردن گاز دو عمل صورت مي گيرد : الف) جذب گازهاي اسيدي در برج تماس ب) دفع گازهاي اسيدي از محلول آمين .
الف )جذب گازهاي اسيدي در برج تماس ( برج تصفيه )
گاز ترش ارسالي از منابع آغاجاري با فشار حدود 58 كيلوگرم برسانتي متر مربع ضمن عبور از يك صافي و جاگذاشتن مايعات احتمالي كه عمدتاً هيدروكربورهاي سنگين و ناخالصيهاي جامد هستند از پائين وارد برج تصفيه مي گردد و ضمن حركت به سمت بالاي برج با محلول آمين تماس پيدا مي كند . كه باعث حذب گازهاي از سوي آمين مي شود و گاز شيرين از بالاي برج هدايت مي شود .
ب ) دفع گازهاي اسيدي از محلول آمين
براي استفاده مجدد از محلول آمين كثيف و دفع گازهاي اسيدي ، اين محلول را وارد برج بازيافت آمين مي نمايند ، بدين ترتيب كه آمين تحت فشار 4/0 كيلوگرم برسانتي متر مربع از روي سيني هايي كه داراي سوراخ هستند به سمت پايين برج روان مي شوند و تا رسيدن به آخرين سيني ، گازهاي اسيدي همراه توسط بخارات آب درون برج كه حدود 115 درجه سانتي گراد حرارت دارند به سمت بالاي برج رانده شده و پيش از عبور از يك كولر هوايي بخارات به آب تبديل و گازهاي اسيدي جهت سوختن به مشعل هدايت مي شوند .
- ظرفيت هر واحد تصفيه :
ظرفيت طراحي هر واحد تصفيه 240 ميليون پاي مكعب در روز و ظرفيت عملي 160-150 ميليون پاي مكعب در روز .
- فشار گاز ورودي به دستگاه تصفيه :
فشار گاز ورودي به دستگاه در حدود 85 و فشار خروجي 53
- برق پالايشگاه بيدبلند :
در حال حاضر مصرف برق پالايشگاه روزانه در حدود 80-60 مگاوات ساعت مي باشد كه از سد دز تأمين مي گردد . براي اين منظور سازمان آب و برق خوزستان رشته كابل هوايي از ايستگاه اميديه به بيدبلند كشيده كه تا بهبهان ادامه دارد .
درمواقع اضطراري از يك مولد برق كه با توربين بخار مي چرخد استفاده مي شود .
- آب مصرفي پالايشگاه
آب مصرفي پالايشگاه از رودخانه مارون تأمين مي شود . براي اين منظور تلمبه خانه اي در كنار رودخانه مارون احداث گرديده كه علاوه بر تأمين آب پالايشگاه ، آب مصرفي ايستگاههاي تقويت فشار گاز سيستم جمع آوري و همچنين خانه هاي مسكوني ، در ميانكوه را تأمين مي نمايد .
- ديگهاي بخار
ظرفيت رسمي هر ديگ بخار 85 تن در ساعت با فشار 27 و 330 درجه سانتي گراد است .
ولي عملاً ظرفيت هر ديگ بخار حدود 76 تن در ساعت مي باشد .
موارد استفاده از بخار توليدي ديگهاي بخار :
- به عنوان نيروي محركه توربين تلمبه هاي آب مقطر تغذيه ديگهاي بخار ، تلمبه هاي محلول آمين ، مولد برق 5/7 مگاواتي .
- گرم كردن محلول آمين در ( Reboilers ) و توليد بخار براي بازيافت آمين .
- جوشاندن 2-1 درصد محلول آمين در مبدل حرارتي تا درجه تبخير جهت خارج كردن نمكهاي مقاوم از محلول آمين .
- تهيه آب مقطر در دستگاه آب مقطر سازي ، جهت تغذيه ديگهاي بخار .
- برجهاي خشك كننده :
تعداد برجهاي خشك كننده در هر واحد سه دستگاه مي باشد كه مخصوص خشك كردن گاز تصفيه شده هستند .
- سيستم ايمني و كنترل واحدهاي تصفيه گاز :
اين سيستم به گونه ايست كه در صورت بروز حادثه در هر واحد گاز محتوي هر واحد فوراً به مشعلها هدايت شده و دستگاه خود به خود از كار خواهد افتاد .
- آزمايشگاه :
براي كنترل ناخالصي هاي موجود در گاز طبيعي ارسالي ، آب مقطر تغذيه ديگهاي بخار ، محلول آمين ، مواد روغني ، آب آشاميدني كاركنان و همچنين رسوبهاي ناشي از تأثير عوامل خارجي درون تأسيسات از آن استفاده مي شود .
- ايستگاه شهيد كاوه پيشه :
اين ايستگاه درمحدوده پالايشگاه در ابتداي خط بزرگ لوله گاز قرار گرفته و گاز تصفيه شده در واحدهاي پالايشگاه را همراه گاز شيرين ارسالي از ايستگاههاي شهيد مصطفوي و شهيد محمدي تقويت نموده و وارد لوله سراسري مي نمايد .
هر واحد قادر است روزانه 550 ميليون پاي مكعب گاز را جابه جا كند . نيروي محركه لازم جهت چرخش كمپرسور تقويت فشار گاز توسط يك توربين احتراقي گاز سوز ساخت كارخانه ENGLISH ELECTIRIC با قدرت 8700 اسب بخار تأمين مي شود .
كمپرسور هر واحد دو مرحله اي و گريز از مركز كلارك ساخت انگلستان مي باشد .
از جمله وظايف راه اندازي كمك به سازنده كمپرسور 105–K–101 A/B براي فونتاژ كردن اين كمپرسوربوده است كه اكنون به شرح ساختمان داخلي آن مي پردازم :
اين كمپرسور ساخت كارخانه “ ترمودين “ است . كه يك كمپرسور رفت و برگشتي محسوب شده كه خودبه خود بالانس شده و از 2 سيلندر پشت به پشت افقي ساخته شده است . و داراي يك فرم با دو ياتاقان اصلي كه وظيفه هدايت ميل لنگ را به عهده دارند و 3 شاتون كه برروي ميل لنگ سوار شده اند ، مي باشد .
هر پيستون به يك دسته پيستون كه با كراس هد محافظت مي شوند ، مجهز شده است . كمپرسور توسط يك الكتروموتور بوسيله يك كوپلينگ الاستيكي به حركت در مي آيد و همچنين از يك فلايويل براي متعادل نمودن تغيير سرعت چرخش استفاده شده است .
روغنكاري قطعات گردنده ، به وسيله يك پمپ كه از ميل لنگ نيرو مي گيرد ، تأمين مي شود .
اجزاء كمپرسور :
- فرم :
فرم اين كمپرسور از يك بدنه كاملاً بسته تشكيل شده كه از ورود هر نوع شي ء خارجي ممانعت مي كند و آن به درهايي در قسمت پيشاني و بالا مجهز شده است كه امكان دسترسي براي تعميرات و بازرسي را آسان مي كند .
2-ميل لنگ :
ميل لنگ از فولاد ريخته گري ساخته شده و درداخل 2 پوسته ياتاقان تحت فشار روغن مي چرخد . آن به 3 عدد ميل لنگ و 2 عدد ياتاقان اصلي مجهز شده است و فلايويل مستقيماً بر روي محرك ميل لنگ سوار شده است .
يك مجراي سوراخكاري شده در ميل لنگ عمل روغنكاري ياتاقانهاي اصلي و ياتاقانهاي شاتون را مهيا مي كند .
توجه : ميل لنگ به صورت ديناميكي با فلايويل بالانس مي شود ، در حين سوار نمودن فلايويل روي ميل لنگ تعويض شده ، بايد شافت و فلايويل را بالانس نمود .
- ياتاقانهاي اصلي :
ميل لنگ توسط 2 ياتاقان اصلي هدايت مي شود .ياتاقان اصلي قابل تعويض ، فولادي از نوع پوسته دونيمه بابيتي است . يك شيار سرتاسري در داخل ياتاقان باعث مي شود تا روغن از مجاري ميل لنگ به ياتاقان اصلي جلويي از 2 نيمه رينگ كه بر روي ميل لنگ اعمال شده اند ، تشكيل شده اند و آنها همچنين به 2 بغل ياتاقاني براي كاهش حركت محوري شافت مجهز شده اند .
4-شاتون :
اين كمپرسور داراي 3 شاتون مي باشد كه يك شاتون مركزي براي خط و 2 شاتون انتهايي براي خط 2 مي باشند . شاتونها ازنوع 2 پارچه اي هستندكه بدنه و كپه ها توسط 2 يا 4 مهره مونتاژ مي شوند .
5-كراس هد :
از دو عدد كفشك آلومينيومي قابل تنظيم تشكيل شده است و پين كراس هد در داخل بوشي كه بر روي كراس هد و شاتون سوار شده ، مي چرخد و سوراخهاي تعبيه شده در داخل آن عمل روغنكاري از كفشك ها به بوش كراس هد را به عهده دارند . كراس هد از ميان درها براي دمونتاژ قابل دسترسي است ، بدون جدا كردن شاتون ها يا مجموعه دسته پيستون .
6-پيستون و دسته پيستون :
پيستون از فولاد ساخته شده است و هر پيستون از دو نيمه پيستون كه بوسيلة مهرةمحكم كننده اي برروي قسمت انتهايي دسته پيستون پيچ شده است ، مجهز شده است . هر پيستون به 2 عدد رينگ راهنما و 5 عدد رينگ آب بندي مجهز شده كه رينگهاي آب بندي كننده و راهنما يك پارچه با برش زاويه اي هستند كه جنس آنها از تفلون مي باشد .
7- Packing هاي دسته پيستون :
قفسة Packing ها مستقيماً به بدنه سيلندر پيچ شده اند و عدم خروج گاز را درهنگام جابه جايي دسته پيستون تضمين مي كند . هر قفسه تشكيل شده است از : يك قفسه – يك فشار شكن – پنج مجموعه آب بندي شناور – 2 عدد رينگ – يك آب بندي كنندة فلزي .
رينگ فشار شكن براي تأمين فشار در قفسه در طي سيكل هاي مكش و تخليه به كار برده مي شود و از صدمه ديدن رينگهاي آب بندي و فنرها در نتيجه شوك ايجاد شده بر اثر اختلاف فشار جلوگيري مي كند
8- Packing واسطه :
قفسه Packing واسطه بر روي يك ديافراگم نصب شده و ديافراگم در داخل قطعه فاصله انداز و جداكنندة 2 پارچه اي نصب شده است . هر Packing واسطه اي تشكيل شده از : يك هوزينگ فولادي و دو عدد رينگ آب بندي روغن به صورت تفلون توپر .
9- سوپاپهاي ورودي و خروجي :
گاز به صورت اتوماتيك از ميان سوپاپها وارد يا خارج مي شود . هر سيلندر به 2 سوپاپ ورودي و 2 سوپاپ خروجي مجهز شده است ، ماشين كاري نشيمنگاه سوپاپ و خود سوپاپ ، عمل ناسازگاري سوپاپها با بدنه سيلندر را غيرممكن ساخته است . هر سوپاپ ورودي به چنگك نيوماتيكي انگشتي مجهز شده كه به منظور بدون بار كاركردن كمپرسور استفاده مي گردد .
10- Packing جارو كننده ديافراگم كراس هد :
از رينگ جارو كننده روغن و رينگ آب بندي تشكيل شده كه برروي يك ديافراگم نصب شده و ديافراگم روي قسمت خارجي راهنماي كراس هد سوار شده است .
و هر قفسة Packing جاروكننده از يك هوزينگ فولادي – 2 رينگ آب بندي از جنس تفلون و 3 عدد رينگ جارو كننده ( سمت فرم ) تشكيل شده است .
از ديگر وظايف راه اندازي ، مونتاژ كردن مجموعه آب بندي ( Stuffing Box) پمپهاي رفت و برگشتي كه در زمان نصب Packing هاي آنها براي جلوگيري از فرسوده شدن نصب نشده بودند و در زمان راه اندازي مي بايستي در داخل Stuffing Box قرارداده مي شدند ، بود .
از جمله اين پمپها 104–P–101 A,B , 102–P–102 A,B,C بودند كه اكنون به شرح وظيفه مجموعه آب بندي مي پردازيم .
بين دسته پيستون و بدنه پمپ ها فاصله ايست كه هواي خارج مي تواند از آن وارد پمپ شده و مانع منظم كار كردن پمپ شود . همچنين مقداري از مايع از اين راه بيرون مي ريزد . براي اين كه اين فاصله كاملاً پوشانده شود و مانعي در رفت و آمد پيستون پيش نيايد از جعبه آب بندي استفاده شده است .
جعبه آب بندي از يك محفظه خالي براي جاگذاري Packing – يك كلاهك آب بند Gland و يك يا دو پيچ و بدنه جعبه تشكيل شده است . در اكثر جعبه هاي آب بندي يك بوش قابل تعويض كه معمولاً از برنز است در انتهاي جعبه قرار داده مي شود . در داخل جعبه آب بندي Packing قرار مي دهند سپس آن را به كمك كلاهك آب بند سفت مي كنند تا از نشت مايع جلوگيري شود .
لايي حلقوي Packing
جنس لائيهاي حلقوي مختلف و متنوع است و مادةاوليه آنها از چرم شروع مي شود و حتي نيز به حلقه هاي چدني مي رسد . براي پكينگ ميله پيستون و پلانجر از لائي پنبه نسوز و لائي پنبه نسوز آغشته به گرافيت استفاده مي شود . نرمي و قابل انعطاف بودن از خواص لازمة لائي حلقوي مي باشد تا به خوبي منافذ را پر نموده و مانعي در چرخيدن يا حركت ميله تلمبه بوجود نياورد .
پكينگ را بايد هميشه تميز نگه داشته شود وجود يك ذره شن يا برادة آهن روي پكينگ نو ممكن است پوشش داخلي سيلندر و يا ميله پيستون را خراب كند . ضمناً بايد آن را به دقت در جاي خود قرار داد و فضاي لازم براي انبساط آن در شرايط كار را در نظر گرفت در صورتي كه پكينگ بسيار محكم پيچيده شود در موقع كار گرم مي شود . مقدار كمي نشت براي خنك كاري و روغنكاري پكينگ لازم است .